Managing Disease Risk

HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008 Overview Importance of animal agriculture Biological risk management Routes of transmission Prevention practices Summary

HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008 Animal Agriculture Iowa 2006 #1 pork, eggs – 17.2 million pigs – 51.6 million chickens (layers) #2 red meat – 6.5 billion pounds – 3.9 million cattle Cash receipts – Turkeys - $123 million – Dairy cows - $530 million – Sheep, lambs - $22.2 million

HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008 Food Production Changes Number of farms decreasing Animal numbers rising on some farms Opportunities – Increasing intensity/specialization – Efficient food source: U.S. and world Challenges – Disease control and eradication – Devastating economic effects

HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008 Minimizing Disease Spread Occupation may require farm visits As a farm visitor, recognize and minimize the risk of introducing a disease Farms becoming more concerned about who/what is entering – Visitors, employees, animal traffic Ask and follow farm biosecurity plan

HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008 Biological Risk Management (BRM) Overall process of awareness education, evaluation, and management Designed to improve disease control – Foreign and domestic diseases Provide tools to minimize risk

HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008 Biological Risk Management (BRM) Disease risk cannot be totally eliminated – Animal, its environment – Decrease exposure to disease agents Minimize threat to animals and humans No one-size-fits-all answer

HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008 Routes of Transmission Apply to all infectious agents Animal must be exposed to develop disease Understand different routes of transmission = Gain control Risk areas must be identified – Design protocols to minimize exposure

HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008 Routes of Transmission Spread of disease agents – Animal animal – Animal human “zoonotic” Different modes of transmission – Oral – Vector-borne – Zoonotic – Aerosol – Direct contact – Fomite

HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008 Environmental Contamination Disease organism in environment – Survive in soil, organic material Animals and humans can acquire agent(s) through: – Inhalation (aerosol) – Direct contact – Fomites – Oral consumption – Vectors

HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008 Preventing Entry Some animal viruses can be carried by fomites – Truck tires, wheel wells, undercarriage, footwear, clothing Walking/driving through animal areas Pick up viruses/bacteria Deposit on the road, next farm Proper cleaning and disinfection is important

HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008 Preventing Entry Park in designated area Carry equipment to the site – Inspect equipment before leaving vehicle Wash contaminated objects on farm Follow posted protocols, biosecurity plans

HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008 Preventing Spread Limit contact with animals Wear protective clothing, footwear Between animal groups and prior to leaving operation – Change soiled protective clothing – Wash, disinfect soiled footwear – Clean, disinfect soiled equipment Leave trash on farm

HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008 Preventing Zoonosis Protective outer clothing – Coveralls, water-resistant barriers – Footwear Overshoes that can be cleaned, disinfected Disposable – Gloves Sick, unknown health status animals Remove soiled items before leaving Wash hands

HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008 Zoonotic Disease Livestock producers work with animals daily – Most have immunity to various diseases Immunocompromised population more vulnerable to zoonoses – Young and old – Chemotherapy – Diabetes

HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008 Summary Animal agriculture in Iowa is important All diseases are transmitted by a few common routes Disease risk can be managed Awareness education is essential You play a critical role!

HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008 Acknowledgments Development of this presentation was funded by a grant from the Iowa Homeland Security and Emergency Management and the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship to the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University. Contributing Authors: Glenda Dvorak, DVM, MPH, DACVPM; Danelle Bickett- Weddle, DVM, MPH, DACVPM; Gayle Brown, DVM, PhD