Western Settlement and Immigration

What four factors fueled American growth and expansion in the late 19th and early 20th centuries? 1) Economic opportunity 2) Industrialization 3) Technological change 4) Immigration

What four factors influenced American growth and expansion in the late 19th and early 20th centuries? 1) Westward movement 2) Immigration 3) Growth of cities 4) Admission of new states

Into what western region did settlement increase after the Civil War? Between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean

When was the era of the American cowboy? Years right before and right after the Civil War

During the era of the American cowboy, what was the reason for the long cattle drives over unfenced open land in the West? It was the only way to get cattle to market

What was the Homestead Act of 1862? Gave free public land in the western territories to settlers who would live on and farm the land

According to the SOLs, who moved west to seek new opportunities after the Civil War? Southerners Especially African-Americans

What two new technologies opened new lands in the West for settlement and made farming profitable? Railroads Mechanical reaper

What crop did the mechanical reaper harvest? Wheat

By 1900, what parts of the American West had gone from unsettled frontier to regions of farms, ranches, and towns? The Great Plains The Rocky Mountains

What happened to the American Indians as settlers continued to move west from 1865 to 1900? American Indians were forced off their ancestral lands

When was the Old Immigration? Before 1880 SOLs say “prior to 1871”

From what region of the world did immigrants come during the Old Immigration? Northern and Western Europe

From what countries did the immigrants come during the Old Immigration?

Germany Great Britain Ireland Norway Sweden

What is the best way to remember the most important groups of the Old Immigration? BIG: British Irish Germans

When was the New Immigration? 1880-World War I SOLs say “the half-century from 1871 until 1921)

From what region of the world did the New Immigrants come? Southern and Eastern Europe

From what countries did the immigrants come during the New Immigration?

Italy Greece Poland Russia Present-day Hungary Former Yugoslavia

What is the best way to remember the most important groups of the New Immigration? RIP: Russians Italians Poles

Do the SOLs put Asian immigration in the Old Immigration or the New Immigration?

What two Asian countries do the SOLs include in the New Immigration? China Japan

Why did immigrants come to America during the New Immigration? Freedom (political and religious) Better lives for their families (economic opportunity)

How did Chinese immigrants contribute to the industrial growth of America? Helped build the Transcontinental Railroad

Where did immigrants work in the Northeast during the late 1800s? Textile mills Steel mills

In what industry did immigrants work in New York City in the late 1800s? Clothing industry

What groups worked in the coal mines of the East during the late 1800s? Slavs Italians Poles

Describe the pay of most immigrants in the late 19th century? Low pay Dangerous working conditions

Where did most European immigrants enter America during the New Immigration? Through Ellis Island in New York harbor

What was the first view of America of the European immigrants who entered through Ellis Island? The Statue of Liberty

The “Melting Pot” thesis What theory says late 19th century immigrants were quickly assimilated (absorbed) into American culture? The “Melting Pot” thesis

Where in the growing cities did the “new immigrants” often settle? In ethnic neighborhoods

What are ethnic neighborhoods? Neighborhoods of people from the same country or culture

According to the “melting pot” thesis, what American institution served an essential role in the process of assimilating immigrants into American society? Public schools

What types of hardship and hostility did late 19th century immigrants often face?

Fear and resentment that immigrants would take jobs for lower pay than native born Americans Religious and cultural prejudice

What two laws limited immigration to the United States? Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 Immigration Restriction Act of 1921

What cities grew rapidly as manufacturing and transportation centers in the late 19th century? Chicago Detroit Pittsburgh New York

What provided jobs in the large cities during the late 19th century? Factories

Where did workers often live in the large cities of the late 19th century? Tenements Slums

What are tenements? Run-down, low rental apartment buildings

What shortages were created by the rapid growth of cities in the late 19th century? Housing shortages

What new public services were needed as a result of the rapid growth of cities in the late 19th century? Sewage systems Water systems Public transportation

What American city was one of the first cities to begin construction of a subway system around the turn of the 20th century? New York City

What type of public transportation system did many American cities build at the turn of the 20th century? Trolley or streetcar lines

As the American population moved westward after the Civil War, in what two regions were many new states added to the United States? The Great Plains The Rocky Mountains

By the early 20th century, what states had been admitted to the United States? All 48 states that make up the continental United States

What is the continental United States? All the states between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean