w What is abnormal behavior? What is a psychological disorder? ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

HUMORS Blood (heart) -- cheerful and hopeful Phlegm (brain) -- apathy, sluggishness Yellow Bile (liver) -- irritable, aggressive Black Bile (spleen) -- depressed, melancholicHUMORS Blood (heart) -- cheerful and hopeful Phlegm (brain) -- apathy, sluggishness Yellow Bile (liver) -- irritable, aggressive Black Bile (spleen) -- depressed, melancholic

MIDDLE AGES Zeitgeist: Religion and Christianity Deviance: Good vs. Evil Bizarre Behavior (“It’s the work of the Devil”)

15th to the 17th Centuries The Witch Hunts - 100,000 Executed as Witches

From the Home to the Hospital Bethlehem Hospital (“Bedlam”) Treatments Were Crude Blood letting, beatings, chains Rest and relaxation From the Home to the Hospital Bethlehem Hospital (“Bedlam”) Treatments Were Crude Blood letting, beatings, chains Rest and relaxation

Reform of the Asylums in Europe Pinel Reform in America Dorothea Dix Moral Therapy and its Decline Reform of the Asylums in Europe Pinel Reform in America Dorothea Dix Moral Therapy and its Decline

Return of the Biological ModelReturn of the Biological Model –Kraepelin –Father of “Experimental” Abnormal Psychology Return of the Biological ModelReturn of the Biological Model –Kraepelin –Father of “Experimental” Abnormal Psychology Mental Illness = Physical IllnessMental Illness = Physical Illness MentalMental Illness = Physical Illness

GENERAL PARESIS Looks crazy, but is it? GENERAL PARESIS Looks crazy, but is it? ADVANCED CASE OF SYPHILISADVANCED CASE OF SYPHILIS –Penicillin ADVANCED CASE OF SYPHILISADVANCED CASE OF SYPHILIS –Penicillin PASTEUR’S CONTRIBUTIONPASTEUR’S CONTRIBUTION –Symptoms of disease caused by bacterium PASTEUR’S CONTRIBUTIONPASTEUR’S CONTRIBUTION –Symptoms of disease caused by bacterium

Treat the Disease, Cure the ProblemTreat the Disease, Cure the Problem –1930s: –1930s: Insulin and ECT –1950s: –1950s: Neuroleptics (Thorazine) –1970s: –1970s: Benzodiazapines (Valium)

Abnormal Behavior is a Disease Problem is Biological (Brain), not Psychological More Pharmacologic Remedies Language of Medicine

w Breuer and Freud: The “Talking Cure” Freudian Theory –Structure of the Mind –The Mind’s Protective Mechanisms –Stages of Psychosexual Development Freud: the 2 nd Revolution

Psychological Disorder Defined Statistical Definition Rare behavior that deviates from the average MORE DEVIATION, MORE ABNORMAL

Statistical DefinitionStatistical Definition Distress DefinitionDistress DefinitionDistress DefinitionDistress Definition Psychological Disorder Defined Personal Suffering Defines Abnormality

Statistical DefinitionStatistical Definition Distress DefinitionDistress Definition Normative DefinitionNormative DefinitionNormative DefinitionNormative Definition Psychological Disorder Defined Does the behavior violate cultural norms?

“Harmful” Dysfunction Psychological Disorder Defined Breakdown of one’s cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning

“Harmful” dysfunction Psychological Disorder Defined TWO CRITICAL ELEMENTS “harmful” is a value-based term “harmful” as failure of our faculties to perform the functions they were designed to perform

Definition Individual must experience (psychological) dysfunction and severe distress or impairment. Also, reactions not culturally expected

Description Causation Treatment/Outcome Study of PsychologicalDisorders Scientist-Practitioner Model

Description Causation Treatment/Outcome Study of Psychological Disorders w Populations Prevalence and IncidencePrevalence and Incidence w Course of Disorders Episodic, Chronic, or Time LimitedEpisodic, Chronic, or Time Limited w Onset of Disorders Acute or InsidiousAcute or Insidious

Multiple CausationMultiple Causation –biology, psychology, learning history, culture, and social factors w Etiology the study of why a disorder beginsthe study of why a disorder begins

w Can assist in understanding maintaining factors in prevention efforts Can’t tell usCan’t tell us much about causes of disorders in developing more powerful treatments

 Gross Deviations in Mood  Depression: “The Low” –The “Common Cold” of Mental Illness –Major Depressive Episode is Most Common  Mania: “The High” –Abnormally Exaggerated Elation, Joy, or Euphoria

 Facts and Statistics  About 7.8% Lifetime Prevalence Median % across many studies: Bipolar-1.3Maj Depression-16.1  Females > Males –Major Depression and Dysthymia  Females = Males –Bipolar Disorders  Similar in Children and Adults

 Negative Cognitive Biases  Beck’s Cognitive Triad  Negative Schema About Self, World, & Future ** Biological and Social Causes **

 In the United States:  About 30,000 Kill Themselves Annually  More Die from Suicide Each Year Than Homicide (about 20,000 in 1996)  9th Leading Cause of Death (1996 stat)  More Common Among Whites, Native Americans  Increasing in Adolescents (3rd leading cause of death) & Elderly (globally, the elderly have highest suicide rate, esp. males)  Males > Females in Killing Themselves  Females > Males in Attempts

 Approximately 500,000 people each year require ER treatment as a result of attempted suicide (1996 stat)  Suicidal behavior typically occurs in the presence of mental illness or substance use disorders  Firearms account for 59% of all suicide deaths (1996 stat)  Website of Extreme and Urgent Interest:  suicidology.org