Greek Democracy & Golden Age

Age of Pericles B.C. Pericles Pericles Wise Wise Power 32 years Power 32 years Skillful Politician Skillful Politician Inspiring speaker Inspiring speaker Respected general Respected general

3 Goals of Pericles’ 1. Strengthen Athenian Democracy 2. Hold & strengthen empire 3. Glorify Athens How? How?

1. Stronger Democracy Increase # of paid public officials Increase # of paid public officials Before only wealthy could hold office Before only wealthy could hold office Now everyone could Now everyone could Result: most citizens engaged in government Result: most citizens engaged in government Direct Democracy Direct Democracy Citizens in rule directly & not through reprehensive Citizens in rule directly & not through reprehensive

2. Athenian Empire Enlarge: Enlarge: Wealth Wealth Power Power Strengthen navy Strengthen navy Why? Why? 200 ship navy 200 ship navy Location to sea Location to sea Needed trade Needed trade

3. Glorifying Athens $ used to beautify Athens $ used to beautify Athens Bought gold, ivory, & marble Bought gold, ivory, & marble Paid artisans to build from B.C. & created the Parthenon Paid artisans to build from B.C. & created the Parthenon

Art Parthenon Parthenon 23,000 ft² 23,000 ft² Typical temple design Typical temple design Built in honor of Athena Built in honor of Athena Greek sculpture Greek sculpture Statue of Athena Statue of Athena Goddess of wisdom Goddess of wisdom Athens protector Athens protector 38 foot tall w/ gold & ivory in it 38 foot tall w/ gold & ivory in it Wanted statues Graceful Strong Perfectly formed Faces showing serenity Classical Art Body in motion Order Balance Proportion

Drama 1 st theaters built in west 1 st theaters built in west Showed civic pride Showed civic pride Tribute to gods Tribute to gods Colorful costumes, masks, & sets Colorful costumes, masks, & sets Dramatize stories Dramatize stories Leadership Leadership Justice Justice Duties owed to gods Duties owed to gods Paid for by wealthy citizens Paid for by wealthy citizens

Tragedy & Comedy Serious drama w/ themes Serious drama w/ themes Love Love Hate Hate War War Betrayal Betrayal Tragic hero (main) Tragic hero (main) Tragic flaw leads to downfall Tragic flaw leads to downfall Hubris is biggest Hubris is biggest 3 main playwrights 3 main playwrights Aeschylus: 80 plays Aeschylus: 80 plays Sophocles: 100 plays, Oedipus the King Sophocles: 100 plays, Oedipus the King Euripides Euripides Slap stick Crude humor Satires Aristophanes (most famous) Made fun of the Athenian people & government Meaning?

Philosophers Search for Truth Philosophers=“Lovers of Wisdom” Philosophers=“Lovers of Wisdom” Basic principles Basic principles Universe Universe Land Land Sky Sky Sea Sea Understanding through logic & reason Understanding through logic & reason

1. Socrates Wanted people to examine themselves Wanted people to examine themselves Judge own morals Judge own morals 399 B.C. (age 70) put on trial 399 B.C. (age 70) put on trial Charged w/ corrupting youth Charged w/ corrupting youth Neglecting city’s gods Neglecting city’s gods

2. Plato Socrates pupil Socrates pupil 28 when Socrates dies 28 when Socrates dies B.C. wrote The Republic B.C. wrote The Republic Perfect governed society Perfect governed society ÷ into 3 Groups ÷ into 3 Groups 1. Farmers & artisans 2. Warriors 3. Ruling class Greatest insight from ruling class was “Philosopher King” Greatest insight from ruling class was “Philosopher King” Dominated thought of Europe for 1,500 years Dominated thought of Europe for 1,500 years

3. Aristotle Plato’s pupil Plato’s pupil Created basis for scientific method today Created basis for scientific method today Method of arguing according to rules of logic Method of arguing according to rules of logic Famous pupils was Alexander Famous pupils was Alexander Son of King Philip of Macedonia Son of King Philip of Macedonia 343 B.C. took invitation to tutor 13 year old prince 343 B.C. took invitation to tutor 13 year old prince 336 B.C. stopped when Alexander b/c king 336 B.C. stopped when Alexander b/c king