An Overview of Schooling In America Moriah Rudisill Jessica Pfeiffer Ellie Sharp Alicia LaPlante Kara Sahagian

Introduction This PowerPoint will give you a glimpse of the background in American education, starting with the colonial education. This chapter will also give you an appreciation for education and how far it has come today.

Social Capital “Connections among individuals that give them access to cultural and civic events and institutions.” Benefits People with social capital usually have: more wealth privilege and other marks of social status

Relating Social Capital To Education People with social capital have easy access to education Are very familiar with libraries, museums, and travels. They get great education.

Development of Education Timeline 1600s to 1890s First Dame School Early 1600s First Latin Grammar School 1635 “Old Deluder Satan” Act 1647 Franklin’s Academy 1751 Lard Ordinance Act and Northwest Ordinance set aside land for public schools 1785-87 First Common School 1820s First normal school 1839 First compulsory attendance law 1852 Rapid growth of public high schools 1870s-90s Committee of Ten commends revised curriculum for high schools 1892

Development of Education Timeline 1909 to 2001 First junior high school 1909 Democracy and Education 1916 Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education 1918 Brown v. Board of Education 1952 Development of middle schools 1950s-60s Elementary and Secondary Education Act 1965 Title IX 1972 Education for All Handicapped Children Act 1975 A Nation At Risk 1983 Academic disciplines standards published 1980s-90s No Child Left Behind Act 2001

1647 Old Deluder Satan Act Every town of 50 households must appoint and pay a teacher of reading and writing. Every town of 100 households must provide a grammar school to prepare youths for university.

1647 Old Deluder Satan Act Impacts New town schools were established for the youngest students. Latin grammar schools were established for older students. Boys who finished Latin grammar school could go to college and be a leader in society. Girls who finished Latin grammar schools would continue to study and take care of their homes.

separation of church and state Thomas Jefferson’s idea. Jefferson did not want public funds to be used for the teaching of religion in public schools. Controversy Praying in school. Our country was founded on God, and is supposed to be “one nation under God,” so people are upset that prayer is not allowed in public schools.

Inclusion The practice of educating students with disabilities in regular classrooms alongside nondisabled students.(Koch, pg. 85) Three Models Full inclusion- Student spends in a regular classroom full time. Partial inclusion- Student only spends part of the day in a regular classroom and the rest in a self-contained classroom. Self-contained- Classroom where the disabled students learn together.

educational options During colonial period Dame Schools Ages 6-8 years. Wealthy boys and girls attended. Taught by a woman in their own home. Apprenticeship An option for boys after dame school. Latin Grammar School For wealthy boys. Studied Latin and Greek language and Lit. Also Studied the Bible. Town schools For northern colonies. Focused on teaching the bible. Academy Founded by Franklin. Was a new type of secondary school. Replaced Latin grammar schools. For both wealthy boys and girls.

Common School A public, tax-supported elementary school. Begun in Massachusetts in the 1820s. Aimed to provide a common curriculum for children. Known today as the public school. Mann’s motivation He saw common schools as promoting important civic virtues.

Schools as an arena for social control Schools centralize the way people are taught and who was being taught. Everyone is taught the same way and same things. The State is in control of what the students are taught. They also learn social skills and interact with others even though that is not academic.

Junior High School Junior High Bridge between elementary and high school. In the early 1900’s junior high was developed to help students in grades 7,8 and 9. It’s main goal was to help these students with their intellectual and emotional needs as developing adults. Middle School Established in the 1950’s. Bridge between elementary and high school. Was for students in grades 5,6,7, and 8. Focuses on interdisciplinary learning and team teaching, where groups of students had teachers in common. At the end of the 20th century, middle school overcame junior high school and now represents grades 6,7, and 8.

Catherine Beecher Contributions contributed to the professional education of women during the early 1800’s. She was a feminist, and believed that education for women would be crucially beneficial to their lives. She particularly focused on women being educated to become teachers, and also on politics. Her legacy still stands, as of 1900, 71 percent of teachers were female.

Booker T. Washington African American educator whom was the head of The Tuskegee Normal School for Colored Teachers in Alabama. This school taught African American teachers to be self-reliant, vocational skills, and in agriculture and other everyday-life activities. Washington contributed a huge part of education for African Americans. Today African American students make up 15 percent of the population and about 6 percent are teachers in the public school system.

Similarities between Maxine Greene and John Dewey fundamental views Similarities between Maxine Greene and John Dewey Making connections with social issues should be central to school curricula. The arts are creative tools that can expose children to new perspectives and new ways of communicating Learning is an experiential process. Students learn by interacting with material in intellectual and sometimes manipulative ways “learning is doing” All forms of education should emphasize learning by inquiry- when students ask meaningful questions an then seek their own answers Overall, they both had a similar view that students need to want to learn rather than be told that they are learning in order to be successful.

Progressivism Focus of Study Essentialism Focus of Study 1. To be well rounded men and women and to understand the knowledge. Teacher’s role 1. To be the main figure and role model in the classroom. 2. Explain and teach their knowledge to their students. Key Figure 1. William Bagley Progressivism Focus of Study 1. To use real-life experiences to teach through active learning, experimentation and also problem solving. Teacher’s role 1. Use active learning. 2. Encourage their students to take what they hear in the classroom and apply it. Key Figure 1. John Dewey

social reconstructionism Perennialism Focus of Study Keep alive the ideas found in works of literature and art. Teacher’s Role Put forth longer dialogue for students. Key Figure 1. Mortimer Adler social reconstructionism Focus of Study 1. A necessity of change 2. Promote reconstruction of social and political aspects in school. Teacher’s Role Help students to think about social injustice and to challenge oppression critically. Key Figure 1. Paulo Freire

existentialism Focus of Study Students are able to choose what they want to study. Teacher’s Role Help students figure out what their interests are. Key Figure Soren Kiekegaard

educational reform Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas 1954 Ruled unanimously that separate schools for whites and blacks were inherently unequal. Conclusion: schools could not stay segregated. Bilingual Education Acts of 1968 and 1974 Provided supplemental funding for school districts to establish programs for large numbers of children with limited English. Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 Made the most extensive federal financing of schools in America possible. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 Revised the ESA. Called for states to develop content-area standards. Called for annual testing of math and reading in grades 3-8. Schools now with poor test results face the possibility of being closed. Gives parents better choice at where to send their child to school.

educational reform Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 Part of the federal Educational Amendments of 1972. States that no one in the U.S. can be denied financial aid because of their sex. Avoid the use of federal money to support sexually discriminating practices. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Guaranties that all disabled children can receive appropriate public education. Revised most recently in 2004. Now known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.

Conclusion Education has come a long way, from gender specific and racially segregated to free public education for anyone. it’s apart of what our country is and helps better us as individuals. If you love something, take the time to read the history behind it. Education is truly important and constantly changing.