Chapter 15 Bleeding and Shock

Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the cardiorespiratory system List the components of the circulatory system Explain how blood circulates throughout the body Explain blood pressure and pulse

Objectives (cont’d.) Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to (cont’d.): Explain what is meant by standard precautions Define the three basic types of bleeding Explain the dangers associated with shock

The Cardiorespiratory System Includes functions of the heart, blood vessels, circulation, and gas exchange between the blood and atmosphere Heart pumps blood through the body through pathways (e.g., arteries, veins, and capillaries) Blood is enriched with oxygen when it passes through lungs As oxygen enters the bloodstream, carbon dioxide leaves it (i.e., respiration)

The Circulatory System Course taken by blood through arteries, capillaries, and veins and back to the heart Uses blood to transport dissolved materials throughout the body (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste)

The Circulatory System (cont’d.) The heart Two major circulations Each has its own pump Both pumps are incorporated into the heart Heart structure Primarily a shell with four chambers inside

The Circulatory System (cont’d.) Blood Only tissue that flows throughout the body

Animation – The Blood Click Here to Play Blood Animation

The Circulatory System (cont’d.) Plasma River in which blood cells travel Makes up 55% of blood's total volume

The Circulatory System (cont’d.) Red blood cells Highly specialized cells “Stripped” of everything that might get in the way of transporting oxygen Molecule within RBCs- Hemoglobin Picks up oxygen in areas where it is abundant and releases it in tissues where oxygen is low

The Circulatory System (cont’d.) White blood cells Five kinds: neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils Platelets

The Circulatory System (cont’d.) Blood vessels Hollow tubes, running throughout the body, through which blood circulates Types:

The Heart’s Conduction System Cardiac conduction system Made up of specialized cells within heart muscle tissue Carries electrical signals to muscle cells throughout the heart Signals trigger muscles to contract and pump blood throughout the body

The Heart’s Conduction System (cont’d.) Blood pressure Systolic Diastolic Pulse pressure Difference between systolic and diastolic

Systolic and Diastolic BP

The Heart’s Conduction System (cont’d.) Pulse Rhythmical beating of the heart Target heart rate Range of percentages of maximum heart rate safe to reach during exercise

Animation – The Heart Click Here to Play Heart Animation

Body Substance Isolation Protective equipment includes: Sterile gloves Protective eyewear Surgical mask

OSHA Guidelines for Infectious Disease Control Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Monitors outbreaks of infections Advises on how to handle and control disease spread Standard precautions Infection-control guidelines Designed to protect workers from exposure to diseases spread by blood and bodily fluids

Animation – Infection Control Click Here to Play Infection Control Animation

Wound Care Principles: Irrigate wound with clean, cool water Gently wash with mild soap (superficial cuts) All foreign particles must be removed or infection will result Minor cuts and abrasions should be washed, dried with a sterile gauze sponge, treated with a first-aid cream, and covered with a sterile bandage

Wound Care (cont’d.) Proper bandaging and dressing of a wound will ensure proper healing and infection control Two primary types of dressings: Gauze Occlusive

Bleeding Three basic types of bleeding: -

Shock Circulation system fails to send blood to all parts of the body Main types: Hemorrhagic shock Loss of blood from an injury Respiratory shock Lungs are unable to supply enough oxygen to blood

Shock (cont’d.) Main types (cont’d.): Neurogenic shock Loss of vascular control by the nervous system Cardiogenic shock Inadequate functioning of the heart Metabolic shock Severe loss of bodily fluids Anaphylactic shock Severe allergic reaction

Shock (cont’d.) Main types (cont’d.): Septic shock Psychogenic shock Life-threatening reaction to a severe infection Psychogenic shock Physiological response to fear, stress, or emotional crisis that causes the person to faint

Shock (cont’d.) Signs and symptoms include: Restlessness and anxiety, weak and rapid pulse, cold and clammy skin, profuse sweating, pale face or cyanotic (blue) around the mouth, shallow respirations, dull eyes with dilated pupils, thirst, nausea and vomiting, blood pressure that falls gradually and steadily, and loss of consciousness

Shock (cont’d.) General care and treatment Critical for the victim’s well-being Follow general guidelines Goal is to keep the victim from getting worse Proper care, and reassuring the victim, will help meet this objective

Conclusion The cardiorespiratory system is responsible for the function of the heart, blood vessels, circulation, and breathing Anyone working with athletes must take preventive measures for protection against bloodborne pathogens and other diseases

Conclusion (cont’d.) There are three basic types of bleeding: arterial, venous, and capillary All types require immediate care to prevent shock and infection