Enriching primary student teachers’ conceptions about science teaching: Towards dialogic inquiry-based learning Ilkka Ratinen, Sami Lehesvuori, Otto Kulhomäki, Jousia Lappi and Jouni Viiri

Outline  S-TEAM in University of Jyväskylä  Dialogic inquiry based science teaching Research questions Methods Results Discussion Literature

S-TEAM in Jyväskylä Developing science education course 140 students, 28 of them focused on dialogic inquiry based teaching of global warming Six students and their science thinking was more thoroughly examined Focus on S-TEAM project is to plan, implement and evaluate science education course In order to improve our primary student teachers’ abilities to use inquiry teaching we redesigned our science education course

Study project The core of the course is a study project which the students prepare in groups. The project includes:  the content analysis,  finding out pupils’ ideas about the topic,  finding, selecting or creating the most appropriate presentations and teaching strategies and  making a plan for a teaching-learning sequence of several lessons.

Inquiry based science teaching Inquiry is the intentional process of diagnosing problems, critiquing experiments, distinguishing alternatives planning investigations, researching conjectures, searching for information, constructing models, debating with peers and forming coherent arguments. Linn, Davis and Bell, 2004

Essential features of classroom inquiry 1.Learners are engaged by scientifically oriented questions. 2.Learners give priority to evidence, which allows them to develop and evaluate explanations that address scientifically oriented questions. 3.Learners formulate explanations from evidence to address scientifically oriented questions. 4.Learners evaluate their explanations in light of alternative explanations, particularly those reflecting scientific understanding. 5.Learners communicate and justify their proposed explanations. (NRC, 2000)

Dialogic teaching (Alexendar, 2004) Collective Reciprocal Supportive cumulative Purposeful

Communicative approaches (Mortimer & Scott, 2003)

Inquiry-based learningCommunicationDialogic teaching Initiation- phase Problem-based approach Considering pupils’ pre- conceptions Opening up phase: Dialogic and interactive Dialogic and non- interactive Supportive Interactive Collective Cumulative Purposeful Inquiry- phase Planning Making hypotheses Collecting information Executing the inquiry Collective Cumulative Purposeful Reviewing -phase Comparing the results to science’s view Creating models Argumentation Reinforcing the scientific view Closing down phase: Dialogic and non- interactive Authoritative and interactive/non- interactive Supportive Interactive Collective Cumulative Purposeful Phases of dialogic inquiry based learning

Resarch questions What are primary student teachers’ ideas of science teaching? How a course about inquiry-based science teaching effected on student teachers’ (6 cases) conceptions about teaching science

Methodology The data consists of three different inquiries from student teachers: pre-conceptions (n=28), mid- interview (n=6), and post-interview (n=6). Pre-conceptions about science teaching :  Essay by continuing the following sentence “I think good science teaching should be taught…”  The data-driven analysis included creating categories and key words

Methodology Mid-interview (n=6)  aimed at inquiring students’ conceptions about science teaching, inquiry- based learning and dialogic teaching.  included background questions, instructions for drawing a concept map and the actual interview.  The open ended interview initiated with the similar question than in pre- conception inquiry and continued with questions about inquiry-based learning and dialogic teaching

Methodology Post-interview (n=6).  semi-constructed individual interviews  inquired students’ conceptions about dialogic inquiry-based learning and their willingness to use it in service

Methodology Categories we made included concepts of communicative approach and concepts related to inquiry-based learning (e.g. pre-conceptions of pupils, problem-based approach, making hypotheses). After categorisation the data was interpreted based on the exemplary model of dialogic inquiry-based learning and used in creation of learning profiles for six cases.

Results Three main categories were created from the key words:  Teaching methods (51%),  Pedagogy (37%) and  Communication (12%).

Key words in teaching methods -category Frequency Outdoor education15 Researching14 Examples12 Inquiring10 Project work8 Experiences6 Integration to other subjects5 Observation by different senses4 Textbooks2 Activities2 Comparing2 Examples of science research1 Causality1 Textbook based introduction of class1 Total83

Key words in pedagogic-categoryFrequency Practical applications12 Pupils’ pre-experiences8 Pupil centeredness6 Problem-based learning4 Teacher attitudes4 Pupils thinking/understanding4 Variety in teaching methods3 Pupils as active participants3 Learning styles3 Inquiry-based learning3 Critical approach2 Content knowledge2 Becoming aware of2 Teacher oriented2 Integration within subjects in science1 Clarification of concepts1 Total60

Key words in communication-categoryFrequency Conversation6 Group works5 Presentations2 Teacher as a tutor2 Collaborative learning2 Teacher led introductions1 Peer to peer interaction1 Participatory learning1 Total20

The creation of the learning profiles The levels were created based on the data in order to describe the changes in conceptions as detailed as possible. We analysed dialogical and inquiry aspects as separate, since there were differences in students’ understanding of these concepts.

UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ Learning profiles

Case Anniina

Discussion Pre-conceptions:  The most frequent category, teaching methods, considered that teaching should include especially outdoor education and methods related to experimentation.  Most frequently emerged topic in pedagogy and instructional decision making was practicality.  Inquiry-based learning is not sufficiently present in primary student teachers’ understanding.  Also, classroom communication was not explicitly considered.

Discussion Learning profiles :  Six student teachers revealed that except of two cases there was a progress in conceptions concerning inquiry-based learning and dialogic teaching.  In the end four of the student teachers reached the standards for inquiry- based learning. And some student could be considered to have established a basis for implementing this kind of teaching in practice.

Literature Alexander, R. (2004). Towards Dialogic Teaching: Rethinking Classroom Talk. Cambridge: Dialogos. Linn, M. C., Davis, E. A., & Bell, P. (2004). Internet environments for science education. Mahwah, NJ:Erlbaum. Minner, D., D., Levy, A., J.& Century, J Inquiry- Based Science Instruction—What Is It and Does It Matter? Results from a Research Synthesis Years 1984 to Journal of research in science teaching 47 (2).