BELLWORK 1. List three effects of the exploration era. 2. How did views of the world change after exploration? 3. What is skepticism? 4. THINKER: What is a revolution? Can a revolution be more than just political change?

The Scientific Revolution “No great discovery was ever made without a bold guess” --Isaac Newton

The Middle Ages  People believed: The earth was flat The earth was flat The earth was the center of the universe (God created the universe to serve People, therefore it was the center) The earth was the center of the universe (God created the universe to serve People, therefore it was the center)  This idea was called the Geocentric Theory

Scholars relied on traditional authorities for beliefs about structure of universe Scholars relied on traditional authorities for beliefs about structure of universe Geocentric theory, Aristotle Geocentric theory, Aristotle – Earth center of universe – Sun, moon, planets revolved around sun Ideas upheld by church, accepted authority for European intellectuals Ideas upheld by church, accepted authority for European intellectuals Scholars began to challenge traditional authorities, 1500s Scholars began to challenge traditional authorities, 1500s Scientific Revolution, new way of thinking Scientific Revolution, new way of thinking Posed theories, developed procedures to test ideas Posed theories, developed procedures to test ideas Why open to new ideas? Why open to new ideas? – Exploration – New lands, new people, new animals – Skepticism/Secularism Old ViewsNew Views

Scientific Revolution  A period when new ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, anatomy, chemistry, and other sciences led to a rejection of “ancient” ideas  Laid the foundation of modern science.

 A new understanding of the world  Logical thought  Scientific Method

Nicolaus Copernicus  In the late 1400s, Copernicus began to challenge this old way of thinking  He believed the earth was round and rotated on its axis as it revolved around the sun  He believed the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe  This was called the Heliocentric Theory

Johannes Kepler  German astronomer in the early 1600s  Defended and expanded ideas of Copernicus  He used mathematical formulas to prove that the planets revolve around the sun (laws of planetary motion)  Kepler also proved the planets move in oval ellipses, and move faster as they approach the sun

Galileo Galilei  In 1609, mathematician Galileo expanded the ideas of Copernicus by proving that planets revolve around the sun, not the earth  He also made improvements on the telescope, observed sun spots, improved compass design and discovered the 4 largest satellites of Jupiter, now called the Galilean Moons

Galileo Continued…  In 1632, after publishing his ideas, Galileo was forced to stand trial for speaking against church ideas  Why do you think the church opposed his views?  He was forced to recant his views and lived out his life under house arrest

Francis Bacon  Late 1500s/Early 1600s  Helped develop (along with Galileo) Scientific Method— scientists observe, hypothesize, and experiment to prove scientific law

Isaac Newton  Late 1600s/Early 1700s  Newton expanded the works of Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo  In his book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), Newton described the three laws of motion and gravity (basis for modern engineering)  Helped develop calculus and created “Newton’s Method” for approximating zeroes of a function  Invented the reflecting telescope, studied the speed of sound, and law of cooling

Newton’s Three Laws of Motion 1. A body continues to maintain its state of rest or of uniform motion unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force 2. F = ma: the net force of an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration 3. To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Science and Society  As science assumed greater significance, the question of the role of the Roman Catholic Church in a changing culture became important.  While the church opposed the views of many scientists, it benefited from new discoveries that made Renaissance art and architecture possible.  The church feared reason as an enemy of faith, but eventually began to embrace some of the achievements of the Scientific Revolution.  The Scientific Revolution caused philosophers and scholars to wonder if reason and logic could solve poverty, war, and ignorance

CLOSURE  What was the Scientific Revolution?  In your opinion, what was the greatest achievement during the Scientific Revolution?  Explain the church’s reaction to the Scientific Revolution.  How did the Scientific Revolution have an impact beyond the realm of science?

Scientific Revolution Reading  For homework, you are now going to read a handout on the Scientific Revolution and answer a few questions.  This handout will go more in-depth on the achievements during the period.  As you read, answer the five questions  This information is extremely important since we still use it today – make sure you read the entire handout!