The Development of the Cell Theory Biology 11 Prepared by: Ms. Bowie

The Development of the Cell Theory Biology 11 Prepared by: Ms. Bowie

The Cell Theory States: As written by Rudolph Virchow ( ): – All living organisms are made of one or more cells. – Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all organisms. – All cells come from previously existing cells. – The activity of an entire organism depends on the total activity of its independent cells.

Ancient Times Ancient peoples are always on the look-out for ways that organisms can be used by them. They pass on their understanding orally. Some civilizations support “great thinkers” – and philosophers, but they rarely base their thoughts on observation or experiments. 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory Multiple Gods Knowledge of nature based on superstition

334 B.C.E - Aristotle Greek philosopher, Aristotle, begins to observe nature. He classifies all known organisms as either a Plant or and Animal. He writes that living things can arise spontaneously from non-living matter. 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory Multiple Gods (pagan) His thoughts held back science for the next 1000 years, or so.

1 C.E (AD) – Birth of Christianity (Jesus) 476 C.E – The Fall of Roman Empire 450 AD – 1000 AD Beginning of the Dark Ages. Lots of unrest in Europe (continuous war and disease) Christian religion crushes most scientific thought that does not come directly from the Bible (Not a lot of Science takes place) Huge advances in Math, Science and medicine in the Islamic world (Egypt & Babylon/Iraq) 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory

500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory

1268 – 1 st Eyeglasses Roger Bacon, an English friar makes reference to a pair of eye glasses. This means that glass is being developed and used in a way that makes it easier to see small things. 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory The Renaissance – The beginning of the change in lifestyles & knowledge in Europe

1500’s Most European’s think that knowledge is unchangeable and should not be questioned. To find answers about nature, they look to the original teachings of Aristotle. Exception: Leonardo da Vinci ( ) was an Italian inventor, artist, architect, and scientist. Da Vinci had an interest in engineering and made sketches of the airplane, the helicopter, the parachute, the submarine, the armored car, the ballista (a giant crossbow), rapid-fire guns, the centrifugal pump (drain wet areas, like marshes) and much more! 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory

1590 – 1 st Microscope Zacharias Janssen, a Dutch eyeglass maker, makes the 1 st microscope by placing two lenses on top of one another to make extra-large images. 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory

1600’s People start to question the origins of life. Many begin to suggest that life can only come from other forms of life rather than through spontaneous generation (as was suggested by Aristotle). This only took about 2000 years! William Harvey says that maggots do not come from the meat itself but from tiny eggs too small to be scene. 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory William Harvey English Physician

1665 – 1 st Cells Seen Robert Hooke ( ) publishes a book that shows illustrations of tree bark lining as seen through a simple compound (2 lens) microscope. 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory William Harvey English Physician

1670’s – Hooke & Newton Butt Heads!!!! Robert Hooke writes a book claiming knowledge from Newton! Newton works hard to rid the world of Hooke’s studies! 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory

1667 – Species Defined John Ray ( ) defines a “species” as a set of individuals that can reproduce their own kind. The beginning of the end of spontaneous generation! 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory William Harvey English Physician

Francesco Redi ( ) conducts experiments to prove that maggots do not appear in meat if flies cannot land on it! 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory William Harvey English Physician – 1 st Experiments about origins of maggots

Anton van Leeuwenhoek ( ) reports being able to see tiny beasties (0.002 mm) using a simple single-lens microscope. 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory William Harvey English Physician – 1 st Microscopic Beasties Seen! The Age of Enlightenment

Microscope claimed to be an instrument of evil when a prominent person was horrified by the sight of a magnified flea! Scientists begin to doubt spontaneous generation, but the common people still believe in it! 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory 1700’s

Carolus Linnaeus ( ) begins to show people the great diversity of living things by exploring methods of classifying them into 5 main Kingdoms. Again, it took about 2000 years to “correct” Aristotle’s notion of a 2 kingdom system of classification. By the way – we now have a 6 kingdom system! 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory 1753 – Birth of Classification

Microscopes become sturdier and easier to use. Flaws in glass production still causes images to be blurry and have coloured halos. 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory 1770 – Advancement of Microscopes

Lots of interest in science Public lectures are popular The wealthy mount expeditions to collect new specimens The HMS Investigator goes on a 5 year voyage of discovery. Darwin also travels on the Beagle! 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory 1800’s – Support for Science Grows

Jane Haldimand ( ) writes textbooks for young people to learn about science. Terms such as “cell”, “cellular system” and “Cellular tissue” appear in the book. 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory 1809 – 1 st Science Texts for Students

Microscope quality improves with the production of better glass. Many English companies compete to produce the best microscope. 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory 1820’s – Better Glass = Better Lens

Francois Vincent Raspail ( ) wrote a book called (translated from Latin) “Every cell is derived from a preexisting cell”. This again puts to rest the idea of spontaneous generation. 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory 1825 – Book “Cells from Cells”

Biology is becoming an important science and the body of knowledge is growing, especially since the improvement of microscopes. Scientists begin to study the cell extensively! 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory 1830 – Cells are studied

Robert Brown ( ) is the 1 st to consider the nucleus as a regular part of a living cell. The nucleus is still hard to see though without the invention of the electric light for his microscope. 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory 1831 – Nucleus of Cell Found

Matthias Jacob Schleiden ( ) makes the claim “All plants are made of cells”. Cells are alive! 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory 1838 – Plant cells!

Theodor Schwann ( ) makes the claim “All animals are made of cells”. “All living things are made of cells” Cells are the basic building blocks of life! 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory 1839 – Animal cells!

Alexander Carl Heinrich Braun ( ) makes the claim: “The cell is the basic unit of life”. Cells are made of protoplasm enveloped by a flexible membrane. 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory 1845 – Cell Basic Unit of Life

Biological knowledge advances, especially in the areas of medicine, botany and zoology! 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory 1850’s

18 year old, William Henry Perkin ( ) develops a new purple dye for staining cell parts making it easier to see cell parts with a microscope. 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory 1856 – Staining technique developed

Charles Darwin ( ) & Alfred Wallace ( ) read their article on “Tendency of species to form variations”. 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory 1858 – Article on Evolution

Rudolph Virchow ( ) develops his Cell Theory that is still largely accepted today. 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory 1858 – Cell Theory Outlined

Louis Pasteur ( ) conducts a series of experiments that once and for all put to rest the idea of spontaneous generation and concluding that living organisms do not arise from non-living matter. 500 BCE 300 BCE Timeline of the discoveries, thoughts and technologies that led to the development of the Cell Theory 1860’s – The end of the “Spontaneous Generation” debate

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