Part 1 EQ: How did eukaryotes evolve? The Cell Part 1 EQ: How did eukaryotes evolve?

Main Ideas from Chapter 7 The Cell Theory (3 guiding principles) The Endosymbiont Theory explains how eukaryotes evolved Organelles are structures with specialized jobs; makes the cell more effiicient

Cell Booklet Table of Contents Pg. 1 Cell Theory Pg. 2 Cell Types Pg. 3 Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote diagrams Pg. 4 Endosymbiont Theory Pg. 5 Cell Organelle Graphic Organizer (pt 1) Pg. 6 Animal Cell Pg. 7 Plant Cell Pg. 8 Cell Organelle Graphic Organizer (pt2) Pg. 9 All cells have… Pg. 10 Phospholipid bilayer Pg. 11 Compare/contrast chart Pg. 12 Cells Flow chart

What are the guiding principles of all cells? Cell Theory What are the guiding principles of all cells? All cells must serve the same characteristics of life as the organism they make up.

The Cell Theory Concept #1 All living things are made of cells I.e. Cells are the building blocks from which all organisms are made.

The Cell Theory Concept #2 Cells carry out the basic functions of life I.e. Reproduce, use energy, respond to environment

The Cell Theory Concept #3 New cells arise from pre-existing cells I.e. Spontaneous generation is not possible. Genetic material directs cell reproduction.

Cell Diversity How do the two cell types compare and contrast? Pro- (“early”) is simple. Euk- (“true”) is more advanced.

Cell Types p. 2 Prokaryotic Cells pro- “early” or before a nucleus have no nucleus nor other membrane-bound organelles (e.g. bacteria) Eukaryotic Cells eu- “true”, -kary “kernel” or nucleus have nucleus enclosed in membrane & other membrane-bound organelles

Prokaryotic Cell (L) Compared to Eukaryotic Cell (R) Use p. 192 in text to finish Prokaryotic Cell (L) Compared to Eukaryotic Cell (R)

Cell Diversity How are the two basic cell types related? Eukaryotes may have evolved from prokaryotes.

p. 4 Endosymbiont Theory According to the endosymbiont theory, a symbiotic mutual relationship involved one prokaryotic cell living inside of another. Also on page 407 of textbook

Cell Diversity How do plant and animal cells compare and contrast? Both are eukaryotes but there are distinct differences!

PINK Page (p. 6 or 7): Animal Cell Draw & label a picture Include all eukaryotic organelles (see p 192) HIGHLIGHT the lysosome, microtubules, microfilaments, centrioles

Cell Structure & Function: Eukaryotic Plant cells have… Cell Wall - sits outside the cell membrane to give support to plants. Chloroplasts – converts sun’s energy into “food” (glucose). Chlorophyll - green pigment in chloroplasts that captures sun’s energy .

GREEN Page (p. 6 or 7): Plant Cell Draw & label a picture Include all eukaryotic organelles (use the same labels used on animal cell) HIGHLIGHT the chloroplasts, cell wall, and central vacuole (the BIG one)

Homework Do pages 5, 8, 11, 12 (the handout inserts) in your cell booklet Finish the Cell Booklet p. 9

Yes, all cells have the same basic cell structures. They are… Cell Diversity How are cells alike? Yes, all cells have the same basic cell structures. They are…

Cell Structure & Function: All cells have a… Cell Membrane Controls what enters & exits the cell

Cell Structure & Function: All cells have a… Cytoplasm Gel-like material supports organelles & gives cell shape

Cell Structure & Function: All cells have… Ribosomes Site for proteins synthesis (where they are made in the cell)

Cell Structure & Function: All cells have… DNA Genetic code of instructions for making proteins

p. 9 All cells have… Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosome Draw & label picture Describe its function Location

Cell Diversity How does the cell membrane work like a bouncer at da club? If the cell didn’t have a membrane,…

Pg. 10 Phospho-lipid bilayer C B D Insert handout  A = phospholipid A1 phosphor- “head” lets things through A2 lipid “tails” keep things out B = phospholipid bilayer (2 layers) C = marker proteins (i.e. name tags) D = channel proteins (let BIG stuff through

Cell Diversity What would happen if cells were missing other parts? Know the function and how parts work together in the cell

Cell Structure & Function: Prokaryotic cells have… Cell membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes Cell wall Flagellum

Flagellum Also made of proteins Long, whip-like projections that move the cell through fluid. What if a cell didn’t have this structure?

Cell Wall What if a cell didn’t have this structure? Provides additional support and protection Located outside the plasma membrane Allows molecules to pass through (no selection) Plants, Fungi, and Bacteria have this What if a cell didn’t have this structure?

Cell Structure & Function: Eukaryotic cells have… Cell membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes Nucleus & nucleolus Centrioles Cytoskeleton Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Mitochondria Vacuoles Cilia / flagella

Cytoskeleton Microfilament and Microtubules Provides structure and support, like poles of a tent NOT in “Pro” cells What if a cell didn’t have this structure?

Mitochondria What if a cell didn’t have this structure? “Powerhouse” of the cell - generates energy for the cell Converts food particles (in the form of sugars) to energy What if a cell didn’t have this structure?

Mitochondria are made of lots of membranes (inside & outside)

Cell Structure & Function: Eukaryotic cells have… Lysosomes store digestive enzymes that breakdown old organelles and food Vacuole store materials like water and food What if a cell didn’t have this structure?

Cilia Also made of proteins Short, hair-like projections that work like oars of a boat to move the cell What if a cell didn’t have this structure?

Cell Structure & Function: Eukaryotic cells have… Nucleus - control center of the cell that houses DNA Nucleolus – inside the nucleus; makes ribosomes What if a cell didn’t have this structure?

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Cell Structure & Function: Eukaryotic cells have… Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Folded membrane suspended in the cytoplasm near the nucleus. Acts like the “highway” of the cell in that it transports proteins around the cell. What if a cell didn’t have this structure?

Types: Rough ER – area on ER where ribosomes attach; Makes and transport proteins. Smooth ER – area where no ribosomes are attached, makes lipids (like phospholipids, for example), and it transports proteins. What if a cell didn’t have this structure?

The Smooth (L) & Rough (R) Endoplasmic Reticulum are located next to the nucleus

Cell Structure & Function: Eukaryotic cells have… Golgi Apparatus Packages and ships proteins to other parts of the cells or to the plasma membrane for export outside the cell. “Post-Office”, UPS or FedEx of the cell. What if a cell didn’t have this structure?

Also on p. 192:find similarities & differences Blue post-it for similarities Yellow post-it for differences

Pg. 11 Compare & Contrast Cells Info on page 199 of textbook Insert handout 

Pg. 12 Understanding cells Answers are at top of the page Pg. 12 Understanding cells Insert handout 

October 7th You need Venn diagram handout on front table Use with info on page 192 of textbook Use this handout on p11 of your cell  booklet to complete Venn diagram

Endoplasmic reticulum How do cells compare? 1 Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Vacuole Mitochondria 2 DNA Cell memb. Ribosomes Cytoplasm 3 Cell wall 4 Cilia 5 Chloroplasts 6 Lysosome Centriole Cytoskeleton 7 Capsule Flagella Animal Plant 1 5 6 2 3 4 Prokaryotes 7

Do Now: How organelles work together How do the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus work together? How do the lysosome, vacuole, mitochondria and chloroplast work together?

READING REVIEW Or do VIRTUAL CELL MICROSCOPY PRE-LAB Summarize the 3 parts of the cell theory. List 3 characteristics that all cells share. Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Identify a structure other than a cell wall or a large vacuole that might be found in a plant cell but not in an animal cell. Explain why the animal would not have this structure. Why must a muscle or sperm cell have more mitochondria than a skin cell?