Bioenergetics Energy Transformation in living organisms/cells Among the most important processes carried out at the cellular level is the transformation of energy -How energy changes from one form to another - sunlight >into stored energy of sugar >energy that powers work > heat

Organisms/cells need energy to do what? Grow Develop Reproduce To obtain and use energy to respond to their environment – In other words, cells need energy to carry out millions of chemical reactions – Cells need energy for EVERYTHING

Breathing/Respiration is when we inhale air that contains oxygen and we exhale air that contains carbon dioxide. Where does the oxygen go once we inhale and feel up our lungs? – Oxygen gets absorbed into our blood and the blood then takes the oxygen to each and every cell of our body. Where does the carbon dioxide come from that we exhale? -The carbon dioxide is produced when sugar and oxygen is broken down into ATP energy, carbon dioxide and water. Cellular respiration is the process of breaking down sugar into energy. This process uses sugar and oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and energy.

Where does cellular respiration take place? In the MITOCHONDRIA of each and every cell in a living organism: Protist, Fungi, Plant and Animals

Cell Respiration Sugar “E” = the ATP being cashed in for cellular energy. Blood  Homeostasis  1.  blood pressure mechanism

Cell’s energy molecule is ATP ATP is the shorthand for Adenosine TriPhosphate. ATP is a high energy molecule. ATP is formed from ADP. ADP is the shorthand for Adenosine DriPhosphate. ADP is a low energy molecule. ADP is composed of: 1. a base called adenine 2. a sugar with 5 carbon atoms called ribose 3. 2 phosphate groups. In order for the molecule to become an energy carrier used by cells it must receive another phosphate group. It then becomes ATP.

ATP is a molecule that is high in energy and, therefore, used in living organisms to carry on all their life’s functions. ATP is composed of: 1. a base called adenine 2. a sugar with 5 carbon atoms called ribose 3. 3 phosphate groups. These molecules are held together by high energy bonds. When this last bond is broken and the last phosphate is removed energy is released and ATP is converted to ADP.

Charged battery, stores energy When a cell needs energy it can cash in an ATP molecule. The cell does this by removing a “P”. When the bond between the phosphate s are broken the energy is released. When the “P” is removed, energy is released and ATP becomes ADP, a second “P” can be removed for more energy and it can become AMP. It is like rechargeable battery that now needs charged again. In order to recharge the battery or to bond the “P” back on we need to eat carbs/sugars. The energy in the carbs is now stored in the bonds of the “P’s”.

Where does the sugars we eat for quick energy come from??? Plants through the process of……… – Photosynthesis – Photosynthesis takes place where in a plant cell? -in the chloroplast

Chloroplast - Found only in plant-like cells -site of photosynthesis Energy from the Sun + 6CO H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

CHLOROPLAST: -Trap energy of the sun and convert it into sugars which can be stored by the plant or broken down in the mitochondria into ATP energy. Plant store sugar in their fruits, stems, and roots.

Thylakoids: platelike structures which collect the sun’s energy. Stroma: Liquid part of the chloroplast, contains the enzymes that speed up the rate of photosynthesis Lumen: Inside thylakoids ~ contains chlorophyll, the green pigment that collects the sun’s energy.

ROY G BIV Absorbs: -all spectrums of light but green is reflected.

How photosynthesis and cell respiration work together: Cell Respiration sugar + oxygen  ATP energy + carbon dioxide + water Photosynthesis Sun + carbon dioxide + water  sugar + water