Stars & The Electromagnetic Spectrum Notes Test – Thursday, 1/30 Textbook & Online Resources: Chapter 3 – Lesson 4: Characteristics of Stars Chapter 3 – Lesson 6: The Sun Chapter 6 – Lesson 4: Exploring Space with Images

Star Huge sphere of glowing gas, made mostly of hydrogen, that produces energy through nuclear fusion

Stars are classified by the following physical properties…

Temperature & Color Cool Stars – red – 3,200oC Our Sun – yellow – 5,500oC Hot Stars - blue – 20,000oC Image from Hubble Telescope

Size Small Stars – White dwarf stars (size of earth) and Neutron stars (20 km in diameter) Medium Stars – Our Sun Large Stars – Giant Stars or Supergiant Stars

Dwarf Star . Neutron Star

Dwarf Star

***Size of stars are measured by radius, which is the distance from the center to the outside edge of the circle. (plural = radii)

Brightness Apparent Magnitude (AKA – Apparent Brightness) A star’s brightness as seen from Earth Closer stars appear brighter than distant stars

Absolute Brightness The brightness a star would have if it were a standard distance from Earth. How bright the star REALLY is. Calculated using the star’s apparent magnitude & distance from earth.

This shows how large the sun would appear to be if you were on different planets.

Brightness of a star depends on temperature & size. Ex: Hot stars = more bright cool stars = less bright Big stars = more bright small stars = less bright

Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram H-R Diagram

Proxima Centauri's the nearest star Proxima Centauri's the nearest star. The celestial bodies that follow are: Alpha Centauri A, Toli, Barnard's Star, Wolf 359, Laland 21185, Sirius A, Sirius B, BL Ceti, UV Ceti, Ross 154, Ross 248, Epsilon Eridani, Lac 9352, Ross 128, EZ Aquarii A, EZ Aquarii B, EZ Aquarii C, Procyon A. Those are the stars that are nearest to me, Tra la la and fiddle dee dee!

http://www. youtube. com/watch http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fut0_xU9M6g&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

The Sun

Facts about the Sun 150 million km from Earth It takes about 8 minutes for light from the sun to reach Earth. About 1 million Earths could fit inside the sun. Sun’s energy = 6 Trillion nuclear bombs each second

The star at the center of our solar system is the sun. The sun is a medium-sized star The sun is about 5 billion years old, and has about another 5 billion years left to burn

The Sun’s interior is made up of 3 layers

The Core Where the sun produces energy by nuclear fusion Hydrogen atoms combine to form helium atoms, which releases energy. The core is over 15,000,000o C

The Radiation Zone Energy produced in the core moves outward through the radiation zone. Moves very slowly because the gas is so dense. ***Takes 100,000 years for energy to move through.

The Convection Zone Outermost layer Hot gases rise from the bottom, cool as they reach the surface, then sink again. This moves energy to the sun’s surface.

The sun also has an atmosphere that extends into space. The Sun’s atmosphere has 3 layers 1. Photosphere 2. Chromosphere 3. Corona

Sun Rotating Video http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap140312.html

Sunspots Areas of gas on the sun’s surface that are cooler than the gasses around them. Cooler gasses are less bright, so they make dark spots.

Prominences A huge loop of gas that protrudes from the sun’s surface, linking parts of sunspot regions

Solar Flares An eruption of gas from the sun’s surface that occurs when the prominences suddenly connect.

http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/News041612-M1.7flare.html

Sun’s energy comes to Earth by radiation Most of the energy from the Sun is Infrared radiation, visible light, or ultraviolet radiation.

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

A good way to remember this is… Rabbits Meet In Very Unusual eXpensive Gardens

Radio Waves Carry Radio, TV, Computer signals Weakest, least dangerous

Microwaves Microwave ovens, cell phones, radar

Infrared Waves “Pure” heat, Heat lamps, remote controls, some photography ***Most of the Sun’s energy

Visible Light What you can see White light – “Pure” light, contains all other colors, if separated by a prism Colors - Roy G. Biv

Ultraviolet Some helps skin produce vitamin D Too much causes eye damage, sunburn, & skin cancer

X-Ray Used to view bones/teeth Can cause cancer in high amounts

Gamma Ray Nuclear Radiation Can cause radiation poisoning, cancer, death

The electromagnetic spectrum can help scientists view space by allowing them to see other types of energy that would be invisible with a regular telescope.

Regular Saturn – Saturn in UV Light

What our galaxy looks like… With your eyes or telescope infrared radio X-ray gamma ray