CHAPTER 4: Visible Light and Other Electromagnetic Radiation

Blackbody Object that absorbs all of the radiation that it receives (that is, it does not reflect any light, nor does it allow any light to pass through it and out the other side). The energy that the blackbody absorbs heats it up, and then it will emit its own radiation. Emitted radiation is only dependent on temperature of the object.

No object that is an ideal blackbody, but many objects behave approximately like blackbodies..

Blackbody Radiation Curve (Planck Curve) Shows energy emitted by a blackbody Shows energy emitted by a blackbody Only depends on temperature represented by the area under the curve Only depends on temperature represented by the area under the curve Peak wavelength is inversely proportional to the temperature Peak wavelength is inversely proportional to the temperature

Stellar surfaces emit light that is close to an ideal blackbody. We can estimate the surface temperature of a star by examining the intensity of emitted light across a wide range of wavelengths.

Wein’s Law Formula that allows us to determine the temperature of a star. It is based on the fact that hotter objects have more energy than cooler objects T = x 10 7 KǺ λ max T = Temp in Angstroms; λ max = wavelength of peak temp

Stefan-Boltzman Law Total energy being emitted at all wavelengths by the blackbody Total energy being emitted at all wavelengths by the blackbody E = σ T 4 σ= 5.67 x w/m 2 K 4 T = temp in Kelvin E = energy in w/m 2

When a chemical is burned, the light produced is made of only specific wavelengths. Different chemical elements have their own series of wavelengths. A spectroscope is used to examine the wavelengths of light emitted from a source

KIRCHOFF’S RULES - #1 A hot, opaque solid, liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum. It has no lines in it. A hot, opaque solid, liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum. It has no lines in it.

Kirchoff’s Rules - # 2 A hot transparent gas emits light whose spectrum shows bright lines. These lines are called emission lines. A hot transparent gas emits light whose spectrum shows bright lines. These lines are called emission lines. Each element has a unique arrangement of bright lines Each element has a unique arrangement of bright lines

Kirchoff’s Rules - # 3 If the light from a luminous source passes through a cooler gas, the gas may extract certain specific energies from the continuous spectrum. We then see dark lines where the energy has been removed. These dark lines are called absorption lines. If the light from a luminous source passes through a cooler gas, the gas may extract certain specific energies from the continuous spectrum. We then see dark lines where the energy has been removed. These dark lines are called absorption lines.

ABSORPTION SPECTRUM Signature wavelengths appear as dark lines on an otherwise continuous rainbow. Lines appear as dips in the intensity versus wavelength graph. EMISSION SPECTRUM Signature wavelengths appear as bright lines on an otherwise black background. Lines appear as peaks in the intensity versus wavelength graph. THE SPECTRUM OF HYDROGEN GAS

The combination of lines from a stellar spectrum allow us to determine which chemicals are present and in what quantities. For example, by matching the spectrum of iron to the absorption lines from the Sun, we see that there is iron present in the Sun’s atmosphere.

Peacock feathers are natural gratings. A grating spectrograph separates light from a telescope into different colors by passing it through a grating of tiny parallel grooves.

The electrons in an atom can only exist in certain allowed orbits with specific energies. The lines seen from the chemicals are made when an electron moves from one energy level to another. When an electron moves from a lower energy level to a higher one, a photon is absorbed. When an electron moves from a higher energy level to a lower energy one, a photon is emitted. The energy of the photon, and thus its wavelength, are determined by the energy difference between the two energy levels.

Emitted photons sent out in all directions will cause the gas surrounding a star to glow different colors, depending on which gases are abundant. HYDROGEN RICH CLOUDS GLOW RED. OXYGEN RICH CLOUDS GLOW GREEN.

Radial Velocity The proper motion of a star is its motion perpendicular to our line of sight across the celestial sphere. This is so small that it can only be measured for the closest stars. The radial velocity of a star is its motion along our line of sight either toward or away from us. Using the spectrum, we can measure this for nearly every object in space.

Recall that the wavelength of light, and therefore the wavelength of the photons that light contains, is slightly shifted when the source is traveling toward or away from the observer—the Doppler Effect. Stars moving toward us show spectral lines that are shifted to blue. Stars moving away from us show spectral lines that are shifted to red. The amount of the shift increases with the radial speed. The Balmer series lines from the spectrum of the star Vega are all shifted toward the blue side by the same amount. From this we determine that Vega is moving toward us (blueshift) with a speed of 14km/s (determined from the amount of the shift).

We can examine the proper motion of nearby stars over long periods of time. This picture is made from three overlapping photographs taken over a four-year period. The three dots in a row are Barnard’s Star seen moving over the four-year period.