Constitutional Rights Amendment 13 Freed the Slaves Amendment 14 Freedmen had the same rights as everyone else Amendment 15 Freedmen could vote

Existing Inequalities 1896 - Supreme Court Case Plessy v. Ferguson Separate railway cars were constitutional as long as they were equal. Ruling applied to many other areas of life. Also known as Jim Crow Laws

Other Inequalities Racial segregation - By law, public facilities were divided into separate "white" and "colored" domains. Exploitation- happened to blacks, Latinos, and Asians Violence- Individual, police, organizational (KKK), and mass racial violence against blacks, Latinos in the Southwest and Asians in California

The First Step President Harry Truman began the first steps. In 1947 he had created a report, To Secure These Rights, which had a detailed agenda of civil rights reforms. On July 26, 1948, President Truman signed Executive orders 9980 and 9981. This ordered the desegregation of the federal work force and of the armed services

Steps towards Racial Equality 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (Supreme Court) “separate but equal” is unconstitutional Schools must be desegregated. What Supreme Court Decision does this overturn?

Steps Toward Racial Equality 1955 Rosa Parks is arrested in Montgomery, Alabama for refusing to give up her seat on the bus to a white man. Montgomery bus boycott begins.

Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. Born January 15, 1929  Died April 4, 1968 A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott Advocate of non-violent protests during the Civil Rights Protests

The 1950’s Review 1951 – 22nd Amendment: Presidents may serve only two terms. Eisenhower Era- “I Like IKE!” 1953 – The Korean War ends 1954 – Brown v Board of Education 1955 – Rosa Parks and Montgomery bus boycott 1957 – Little Rock and Central High School integration. Eisenhower sent troops to assure the students’ safety. 1957 – Sputnik launched by Russians

Steps Toward Racial Equality 1957 In Little Rock, Arkansas, nine Black high school students attempt to enroll at the all white high school. President Eisenhower calls out federal troops to ensure they are admitted.

Hispanic Movements The League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) had formed in 1929. They fought against racial segregation in schools in California and in Texas during the 1940’s. By 1950 there was an end to segregation of Hispanic students in all Texas public schools

The 1960’s 1960 Dr. King insisted that all protests be non violent. “Sit ins” at lunch counters in Woolworth drugstores across the South. Sitting at every other seat to invite sympathizers to join

Freedom Rides 1961 Whites join in the fight for racial equality. Freedom Riders – Black and White – attempt to desegregate busses. Some riders murdered.

KKK against Voter Registration In 1961, the KKK began blatantly attacking the Civil Rights Movement Lynched, attacked, and were extremely violent towards the Movement such as lynching and cross burning Joined by the White Citizens Council Voter Registration struggled to get African Americans registered to vote against poll taxes and literacy tests In 1965, the Voting Rights Act would be passed to protect against poll taxes.

March on Birmingham 1963 The March on Birmingham, Alabama Martin Luther King, Jr. urges President Kennedy to pass a civil rights bill.

Steps Toward Racial Equality August 28, 1963 The March on Washington, D.C. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivers a speech to an audience of white people and black people meeting together. “I have a dream” speech

Martin Luther King Jr. Believed in the power of non-violent protests for civil rights to be achieved Famous for leading the Bus Boycott, the March on Washington and “I have a Dream”

Malcolm X Born May 25, 1929 Became a Black Muslim leader Advocated the complete separation of African Americans from white people. proposed the establishment of a separate country for black people that black people use any necessary means of self-defense to protect themselves Assassinated in 1965

Civil Rights Act JFK assassinated before the act is passed November 22, 1963 Civil Rights Act of 1964 is passed. Signed by President Lyndon Johnson Banned discrimination in employment on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Outlawed discrimination in public accommodations

Cesar Chavez and California Strike led against Californian farms Strike was for the rights and the basic needs of the grape harvesters who were primarily Filipino and Mexican American workers People did not buy grapes for over 4 years with 17 million people participating

Steps Toward Racial Equality 1964 Twenty-fourth Amendment is passed. Banned the payment of poll taxes as a condition for voting in Federal elections. Freedom Summer begins. Voter registration efforts continue all through the United States.

Steps Toward Racial Equality 1965 March from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama. Demanded voting rights. Voting Rights Act of 1965 is passed. Signed by President Lyndon Johnson Put entire voting registration process under federal control.

Assassination Riots and violence: 1966-1968: 100 violent race riots broke out across the US April 4, 1968, Dr. King assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Civil Rights Act passed April 11, 1968 to prohibit discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin.

Review: Key People and Events of the Civil Rights Movement: --1954: Brown v. Board of Education --Martin Luther King, Jr. 1963: “I have a dream” --Civil Rights Acts of 1964, 1968; Voting Rights Act 1965 --Assassinations of John (1963) and Robert Kennedy (1968), Malcolm X (1965), and Martin Luther King, Jr. (1968)