Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 21 Oxygenation
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Oxygen: measures approximately 21% in the Earth’s atmosphere Each cell of the human body uses oxygen to metabolize nutrients and produce energy Without oxygen, cell death occurs rapidly
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Is the following statement true or false? Expiration creates more chest space, causing the pressure within the lungs to fall below that in the atmosphere.
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins False. Inhalation creates more chest space, causing the pressure within the lungs to fall below that in the atmosphere.
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Inspiration and expiration Ventilation: movement of air in and out of lungs; facilitates respiration Respiration: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins External and internal respiration External respiration takes place at most distal point in airway: between the alveolar-capillary membranes Internal respiration occurs at the cellular level between hemoglobin and body cells
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Physical assessment Monitoring the client’s respiratory rate Observing breathing pattern and effort Checking chest symmetry Auscultating lung sounds
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Arterial blood gases measure: Partial pressure of oxygen dissolved in plasma Percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen The pH of blood
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pulse oximetry Composed of a sensor and a microprocessor Noninvasive, transcutaneous technique for periodically or continuously monitoring the oxygen saturation of blood
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Which of the following is used for monitoring the oxygen saturation of blood? a. Arterial blood gases b. Pulse oximetry c. Incentive spirometry d. Oxygen analyzer
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins b. Pulse oximetry Pulse oximetry is a technique for periodically or continuously monitoring the oxygen saturation of blood. Arterial blood gases monitor the pH of blood. Incentive spirometry is a technique for deep breathing using a calibrated device. Oxygen analyzer is a device that measures the percentage of delivered oxygen to the client.
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Positioning: Fowler’s position Breathing techniques Deep breathing o Incentive spirometry Pursed-lip breathing Diaphragmatic breathing Nasal strips
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Oxygen sources Wall outlet Portable tanks Liquid oxygen unit Oxygen concentrator Equipment used in oxygen administration
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Equipment used in oxygen administration Flowmeter Oxygen analyzer Humidifier Common delivery devices Nasal cannula
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Common delivery devices (cont’d) Masks o Simple mask o Partial rebreather mask o Non-rebreather mask o Venturi mask
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Common delivery devices (cont’d) Face tent Tracheostomy collar T-piece Additional delivery devices Nasal catheter
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (Refer to Table 21-4 in the textbook.)
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Additional delivery devices (cont’d) Oxygen tent and CPAP mask Transtracheal oxygen Oxygen hazards Fire potential Oxygen toxicity
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Which of the following is a common delivery device for oxygen? a. Flowmeter b. Nasal cannula c. Oxygen analyzer d. Humidifier
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins b. Nasal cannula Nasal cannula is a common delivery device. Flowmeter, oxygen analyzer, and humidifier are equipment used in oxygen administration.
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Water-seal chest tube drainage A technique for evacuating air or blood from the pleural cavity Hyperbaric oxygen therapy Delivery of 100% oxygen at 3 times the normal atmospheric pressure within an airtight chamber
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Nursing diagnoses: hypoxemia or hypoxia Ineffective breathing pattern Impaired gas exchange Anxiety Risk for injury (related to oxygen hazards)
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (Refer to Nursing Care Plan 21-1in the textbook.)
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Reduced gas exchange and efficiency in ventilation; major age-related changes occur in the respiratory system Respiratory muscles become weaker and the chest wall becomes stiffer as a result of calcification of the intercostal cartilage
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Diminished cough and gag reflexes, increased use of accessory muscles for breathing, increased mouth breathing, snoring Inactive, debilitated, or chronically ill clients or smokers are at a higher risk for respiratory infections and compromised respiratory function