The First Europeans The first Europeans were hunters and gatherers. The first Europeans were hunters and gatherers. As they learned how to domesticate plants and animals, Europeans began to settle in small communities. As they learned how to domesticate plants and animals, Europeans began to settle in small communities.

Early Civilizations Greece was the site of one of Europe’s earliest and most advanced civilizations. Greece was the site of one of Europe’s earliest and most advanced civilizations. Many Greeks lived in a number of powerful city- states. Many Greeks lived in a number of powerful city- states. – A self-governing city and its surrounding area. – Athens and Sparta were two of the most famous city-states – The city-states were home to early forms of democracy

History and Government The Development of European Civilizations The Greeks made great contributions to the arts, government, philosophy, science, and sports. The Greeks made great contributions to the arts, government, philosophy, science, and sports.

Aegean Islands

The Roman Empire Along with Greece, Rome was home to one of the earliest significant European civilizations. Along with Greece, Rome was home to one of the earliest significant European civilizations. Rome grew from a small city to one of the most powerful empires in history. Rome grew from a small city to one of the most powerful empires in history. At its peak, the Roman Empire stretched across much of Europe, North Africa, and Southwest Asia. At its peak, the Roman Empire stretched across much of Europe, North Africa, and Southwest Asia. The Romans would eventually help spread Christianity throughout Europe The Romans would eventually help spread Christianity throughout Europe

City-States What are examples of city-states in Europe today? What are examples of city-states in Europe today? Why are city-states so rare? Why are city-states so rare?

The Middle Ages Feudalism: a system in which powerful lords gave land to nobles and the nobles would have control over the people on their land. Nobles would use their people for wars and for taxes on goods. Feudalism: a system in which powerful lords gave land to nobles and the nobles would have control over the people on their land. Nobles would use their people for wars and for taxes on goods. Roman Catholic church became most powerful force in Europe. Roman Catholic church became most powerful force in Europe. Islam Islam Preached by the prophet Muhammad. Preached by the prophet Muhammad. Followers known as Muslims. Followers known as Muslims. Spread Chinese inventions of gunpowder, paper and Hindu system of numerals. Spread Chinese inventions of gunpowder, paper and Hindu system of numerals. Expanded mathematics, medicine and astronomy. Expanded mathematics, medicine and astronomy.

The Crusades In the early 1000s, Christians from Western Europe tried to take back Palestine (Jerusalem) from Muslim rule. In the early 1000s, Christians from Western Europe tried to take back Palestine (Jerusalem) from Muslim rule. Both sides fought to hold the land, but Christians eventually lost all control and left the area in Muslim control. Both sides fought to hold the land, but Christians eventually lost all control and left the area in Muslim control. Both sides were fighting for it because it had important places in the origin of their religions. Both sides were fighting for it because it had important places in the origin of their religions.

Exploration (Age of Discovery) Began funding explorations to find shorter trade routes to Asia. Began funding explorations to find shorter trade routes to Asia. Set up colonies-land equaled power. Set up colonies-land equaled power. Bartholomew Dias – first to reach Africa’s Cape of Good Hope. Bartholomew Dias – first to reach Africa’s Cape of Good Hope. Chris Columbus – heads west to look for western route to Asia. Chris Columbus – heads west to look for western route to Asia. Vasco da Gama – Rounds Cape of Good Hope and reaches India. Vasco da Gama – Rounds Cape of Good Hope and reaches India. Magellan – 5 ships and 270 men set off to circumnavigate the globe. Magellan dies on the trip. Eighteen of his crew and one ship make it back to port. Took ~ 3 years. Magellan – 5 ships and 270 men set off to circumnavigate the globe. Magellan dies on the trip. Eighteen of his crew and one ship make it back to port. Took ~ 3 years.

The Renaissance French word meaning “rebirth” Renaissance Reformation-lessened power of Roman Catholic Church and led to beginning of Protestantism. Reformation-lessened power of Roman Catholic Church and led to beginning of Protestantism. 300 year period of learning the arts. 300 year period of learning the arts. Brought about great advancements in European civilization. Brought about great advancements in European civilization. The Renaissance was a “rebirth” in art, literature, and thinking. The Renaissance was a “rebirth” in art, literature, and thinking. People became more focused on human life, rather than human afterlife. People became more focused on human life, rather than human afterlife. Considered the start of Modern History Considered the start of Modern History

The Industrial Revolution Began in Britain in 1700’s Began in Britain in 1700’s Developed steam power and metal machine tools Developed steam power and metal machine tools Transformed Europe from agricultural to industrial society. Transformed Europe from agricultural to industrial society. East Europe lags behind West Europe because of its isolation. East Europe lags behind West Europe because of its isolation. Paris and London are two of the worlds largest urban areas. Paris and London are two of the worlds largest urban areas. Allowed for much quicker production of goods and made them much cheaper Allowed for much quicker production of goods and made them much cheaper

Colonization During the 1800s, more than ¼ of the world’s land was ruled by the British Empire During the 1800s, more than ¼ of the world’s land was ruled by the British Empire Colonies provided raw materials, and markets for finished goods Colonies provided raw materials, and markets for finished goods Result of colonization included the spread of the English language, Christianity, British law, sports, and British customs around the world. Result of colonization included the spread of the English language, Christianity, British law, sports, and British customs around the world.

Independence at a price As a result of the revolutionary war, the colonies in the U.S. declared independence in As a result of the revolutionary war, the colonies in the U.S. declared independence in Ireland wins independence in 1921 after War and the Anglo-Irish treaty. Ireland wins independence in 1921 after War and the Anglo-Irish treaty India achieves independence India achieves independence.

Former British colonies Australia Australia Botswana Botswana BVI BVI Brunei Brunei Burma Burma Egypt Egypt Fiji Fiji Gambia Gambia Ghana Ghana Gibraltar Gibraltar Grenada Grenada Guyana Guyana India India Ireland Ireland Jamaica Jamaica Kenya Kuwait Lesotho Malawi Malaysia Maldives New Zealand Nigeria Pakistan Qatar

Why would it be appropriate to say “The Sun never sets on the British Empire”? Why would it be appropriate to say “The Sun never sets on the British Empire”?

Conflict and Division World War I- “The Great War” World War I- “The Great War” Assassination, competition for colonies, economic power, the desire for independence, and secret military alliances are all causes of the war. Assassination, competition for colonies, economic power, the desire for independence, and secret military alliances are all causes of the war. Allies (Great Britain, France, & Russia) VS. Central Powers (Germany & Austria) Allies (Great Britain, France, & Russia) VS. Central Powers (Germany & Austria) Lasted from 1914 to 1918 ending with the Treaty of Versailles Lasted from 1914 to 1918 ending with the Treaty of Versailles

Conflict and Division World War II World War II German unrest with the Treaty of Versailles led to World War II (in 1939) and the rise of Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini German unrest with the Treaty of Versailles led to World War II (in 1939) and the rise of Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini The Holocaust was one of the horrors of WWII; it involved the mass killing of 6 million European Jews and others by Nazi leaders. The Holocaust was one of the horrors of WWII; it involved the mass killing of 6 million European Jews and others by Nazi leaders. Ended in 1945, bringing the downfall of Western Europe as the center of world power. Ended in 1945, bringing the downfall of Western Europe as the center of world power. Eastern Europe fell under the control of the communist Soviet Union Eastern Europe fell under the control of the communist Soviet Union The western world was led by the democratic United States The western world was led by the democratic United States

The Cold War Between the U.S. and USSR. Between the U.S. and USSR. It was a period of conflict between the world’s superpowers over an arms race. It was a period of conflict between the world’s superpowers over an arms race. A race to build nuclear bombs and better weapons and the space race. A race to build nuclear bombs and better weapons and the space race. USSR was trying to spread communism, and US was trying to stop it from doing so. (Domino Theory) USSR was trying to spread communism, and US was trying to stop it from doing so. (Domino Theory)

Cooperation and Unity East Europe East Europe In the 1980s Eastern Europe began demanding more freedom from the Soviet Union In the 1980s Eastern Europe began demanding more freedom from the Soviet Union In 1989 and 1990, free elections ended communist control in Eastern Europe In 1989 and 1990, free elections ended communist control in Eastern Europe In 1990, East and West Germany were united with the fall of the Berlin Wall In 1990, East and West Germany were united with the fall of the Berlin Wall

Cooperation and Unity Western Europe Western Europe In 1958, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Italy, and West Germany joined together to form the European Community (EC) In 1958, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Italy, and West Germany joined together to form the European Community (EC) The EC was an effort to create an economic unit forming a single market for their resources The EC was an effort to create an economic unit forming a single market for their resources By 1990, Denmark, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Greece, Portugal, Spain, and the united Germany joined the EC to form the European Union (EU) By 1990, Denmark, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Greece, Portugal, Spain, and the united Germany joined the EC to form the European Union (EU) The EU worked to create a new Europe in which goods, services, workers, and money could move freely among countries. The EU worked to create a new Europe in which goods, services, workers, and money could move freely among countries. These efforts have helped the countries of the EU to strengthen their economies These efforts have helped the countries of the EU to strengthen their economies