Unit-2-1014 ATC & Aerodrome design 2. AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES

Key points of Unit 2 Categories of Airport ATC and Clearance Requirements Obstruction Clearance Requirements for current Airport Distance Separation both in distance and time-RNAV & RNP Flight Plans

Syllabus Area control service, Assignment of cruising levels- minimum flight altitude- ATS routes and significant points – RNAV and RNP – Vertical, lateral and longitudinal separations based on time / distance – ATC clearances – Flight plans – position report

Airport Categories Based on Size as Large and Medium Airports depending on the size of aircrafts and also on passenger traffic-Total 449 International Airports-All Metros Domestic Airports- Custom Airports with limited immigration (Patna,Goa,Jaipur & Trichy)

Hyderabad Airport

Area Control Centre & Services of ACC Area control service Area Control Centre & Services of ACC

Area Control Centre Providing air-traffic control service to IFR flights and controlled VFR flights Key task is for departing aircraft providing separation between aircrafts before handing them to the adjacent-ACC Area Control Centers.

Area Control Centre

Area Control Service Services Include definition of area of responsibility, airspace structure and classification Delegating responsibility to ATS Offering procedure for the exchange of flight plan and control data Offering means of communication Defining significant points, levels or times for transfer of control Providing acceptance of control Providing Radar Coordination procedure and SSR code assignment procedure Offering Procedure for departing traffic & arrival traffic

ATC clearance requirements-ATC separation-

Define: Separation in ATC Preventing collisions is referred as separation in ATC Lateral, Vertical and Longitudinal separation minima is the term used to prevent aircraft from coming too close to each other Many aircraft now have collision avoidance systems installed to act as a backup to ATC observation and instructions

Important ATC Clearances Aircraft identification as shown in the flight plan; Clearance limit Route of flight Level (s) of flight for the entire route or part thereof and changes of levels if required

ATC Clearances Flight plan Clearance limit; Route of flight; Level (s) of flight for the entire route or part thereof and changes of levels If required; any necessary instructions or information on other matters such as SSR transponder operation, approach or departure maneuvers, communications and the time of expiry of the clearance.

ATC clearances Based on Clearance limit-by specifying the name of the aerodrome or controlled airspace boundary Based on Route of Flight-Route of flight detailed in each clearance Based on Cruising levels- rate of climb or descent or cruising levels Based on Change in Flight Plan-on a requested change in Route or level Based on ATC clearance by Voice -for runway in use, altimeter settings, speed instructions, heading etc

Flight profile Preflight-before take off on the runway Take-off-Pilot powering the aircraft Departure-lifting off the ground to a cruising speed Enroute-Travelling thru the centre of airspace Descend-Pilot maneuvering the aircraft to the destination Approach-Aligning the aircraft with runway Landing-at the designated runway

Obstruction Clearance of Current Airport factors

Factors for Obstruction Clearance Pre-taxi clearance program: Airports have established pre-taxi clearance programs by which pilots of departing on IFR elect to receive their IFR clearances Taxi Clearance: Pilots should communicate with the control tower taxi clearance before starting the engine Abbrevated IFR clearance: ATC issue to Pilot filed in the IFR flight plan including Destination Airport Change of Flight Plan: If the Pilot has a Flight Plan change, it is with approval with ATC

Air Space Classification Definition, Airspace classification, ATS Route, altitude sectorization

Airspace

Airspace Classification

Airspace Classification Class A ; FL 180; for IFR,ATC Clearance before entry, Clear Aircraft Separation Class C : FL 125 for IFR & VFR, Clearance before Entry, Separation of VFR from IFR Class D: FL8500 all airports airspace

Indian Airspace & Airports Airspace: 6.0 Million Sq.Km (approx) Division into 5 FIRs -Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai & Guwahati Based on Radar Coverage: Mono Pulse SSR & PSR (MSSR) installed at 12 strategic locations to ensure radar coverageto the entire land area(Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Nagpur, Hyderabad,Mangalore,Thiruvananthapuram,Varanasi, Guwahati & Berhampur) 67 Airports withVOR & DME

Chennai Airport 12° 59' 40N 80° 10' 50E Mag Var: 1.431W 52 ft AMSL

RNAV and RNP – Vertical, lateral and longitudinal separations based on time / distance ATS routes and significant points – RNAV and RNP – Vertical, lateral and longitudinal separations based on time / distance

Spacing vs. Separation Routes are SPACED SEPARATION e.g. spacing between parallel routes =18 NM SEPARATION refers to a minimum distance (longitudinal / horizontal), angular difference or time interval required between aircraft in a given situation. Separation   Spacing Radar Non-Radar

ATS Route & Route Designator-Definitions A specified route designed for channeling the flow of traffic for air traffic services. ATS Route -defined by an ATS route designator ATS Designator = to & fro track from significant points (waypoints), distance between significant points, reporting requirements and lowest safe altitude.

Classification RNAV AND RNP Routes & loaded into the RNAV system PBN RNAV Routes where VOR/DME define the ATS Routes-A, B, G, R routes=Regional networks of ATS routes L, M, N, P – Area navigation routes (RNAV)

RNAV Routes 6 parallel one-way RNAV routes; Routes Crossing the 6 parallel one-way RNAV routes; Routes Not Crossing the 6 parallels, but crossing Class 2 Route Routes Not Crossing either 6 parallels or Class II routes.

ATS Route from Chennai to New Delhi

Indian ATS Route ATS Space in the Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea and part of the Indian Ocean=3.8 million sq Km International Routes = 89 Domestic Routes = 110 RNP 10 Routes = 39

Aircraft Separation & types Aircraft separation- the concept of keeping an aircraft in a minimum distance from another aircraft to reduce the risk of aircraft colliding, and to prevent accidents due to wake turbulence. 2 Types as Vertical separation and Horizontal Separation( lateral and Longitudinal)

Separation Limits Not Less than 1000’ when an altitude is 29,000 feet (8,800 m), Not less than 2,000 feet (or 600 m), at an Altitude of of more than 29,000’ Horizontal separation-Lateral and Longitudinal

Vertical Separation

Vertical Separation & RVSM • Standard – 1000’ up to FL290 – 2000’ above FL290 – 5000’ above FL600 RVSM as 1000’ when altitude above 29,000’ and guided by Autopilot and with modern altimeter

Horizontal Separation between Aircrafts If any two aircraft separated by less than the vertical separation minimum, then some form of horizontal separation exist. Lateral separation minima are usually based upon the position of the aircraft as derived visually, from dead reckoning or internal navigation sources, or from radio navigation aids lateral separation be defined by the geography of pre-determined routes- example North Atlantic Track system

Longitudinal separation If two aircraft not laterally separated, tracks within 45 degrees of each other (or the reciprocal), then they are said to be some form of longitudinal separation existing Longitudinal separation be based upon time or distance as measure by DME. Rule is the 15 minute rule: No two aircraft following the same route must come within 15 minutes flying time of each other. In areas with good navaid cover this reduces to 10 minutes; if the preceding aircraft is faster than the following one then this can be reduced further depending of the difference in speed. Aircraft whose tracks bisect at more than 45 degrees said to be crossing,.

Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum-RVSM an important objective to improve airspace capacity RVSM enable the application of a 1,000-ft Vertical Separation Minimum between duly-equipped aircraft in the FL 290 - FL 410 flight band RVSM increase capacity through the introduction of these six additional flight levels, to reduce controller workload while maintaining, or even improving, current levels of safety

RVSM Airspace Airspace between FL 290 and FL 410, both inclusive, in the following Flight Information Regions (FIRs)/Upper Flight Information Regions (UIRs) RVSM from FL330 to FL410 in the Kolkata, Chennai Delhi and Mumbai FIRs, to allow domestic traffic that were not RVSM-approved to continue to operate at FL310 and below.

Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RVSM) 1000’ from FL290 to FL 410 First introduced over Oceanic Airspace Introduced over Domestic US (and internationally) on 1/20/05 (DRVSM) – Cruise operation within D/RVSM airspace requires specific avionics (more accurate altimetry and collision avoidance system), plus pilot training – ATC can grant exceptions to these requirements for transit through RVSM airspace to

RNAV-advantages

RNAV-Required Navigation-advantages Aircraft precisely positioned on course by navigation system usingGPS technology and flown by autopilot. Flight Management System computes constant descent glide path eliminating “dive and drive”. Glide path termination / DH allows pilot to continue to runway without “pushing over

Advantages Increased ATC capacity-RVSM will reduce controller workload. capacity of these simulated sectors could increase by a significant percentage--almost 20%, approximately--as compared to the Conventional Vertical Separation Minima (CVSM) Optimum route profiles-Availability of six additional flight levels in the busiest level band will allow operators to plan for, operate at, or closer to, the optimum vertical route profile for each aircraft type.

Performance Based Navigation RNAV -Area Navigation-Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs)/Standard Terminal Arrivals (STARs); Routes, Global Positioning System (GPS) MinimumEnroute Altitudes (MEAs; Continuous Descent Arrival CDA)/Optimized ProfileDescent (OPD) RNP Required Navigation Performance-Special Aircraft and Aircrew Authorization Required(SAAAR) [will be changing to AR – Authorization Required]

RNP-key elements Highly accurate GPS navigation system Procedures create path conformance with high degree of accuracy and repeatability Curved flight paths (Radius to Fix RFLegs) Monitoring and alerting of navigation performance Guided Missed Approach for increased safety of flight

Non Radar Separation Same Course & Crossing Course In areas of insufficient radar coverage, ‘manual' separation rules apply for airport departures/arrivals and enroute flights. DME separation example: with slower speed aircraft behind, use pilot reported positions from DME (Distance Measurement Equipment) readings

Minimum for Same Course Separation

Minima for Crossing Course Separation

Enroute Radar Air separation Flights must be separated from other sectors and Special Use Airspace. En route Stage A/DARC or Stage A/EDARC: (a) Below Flight Level 600− 2 1/2 miles. (b) Flight Level 600 and above− 5 miles. • Military Operating Areas • Prohibited Area • Restricted Area • Warning Area

Definition, take off, landing, cruising level assignment and routes Cruising Levels Definition, take off, landing, cruising level assignment and routes

Definition :Cruise Level portion of aircraft travel where flight is most fuel efficient, occurring between ascent and descent phases and usually the majority of a journey. Cruising consists of heading (direction of flight) changes only at a constant airspeed and altitude. It ends as the aircraft approaches the destination where the descent phase of flight commences in preparation for landing.

Airbus 340 jet in Cruise

Take off The phase of flight in which an aircraft goes through a transition from moving along the ground (taxiing to flying in the air, usually starting on a runway Typical takeoff air speeds for jetliners are in the 130–155 knot range (150–180 mph, 240–285 km/h).

A380 at Take off

Landing last part of a flight, where a flying aircraft, returning to the ground. Landing occurs after descent For landing, airspeed and the rate of descent are reduced for a gentle touch down

Minimum Cruising Level

Cruising levels according to heading FL 280 to FL430 Even level-FL 280, 300, 320, 340, 360,380,400,420 and track from 180* to 359* Odd level-FL 290,310,330, 350, 370, 390, 410,430 and track from 000* to 179*

Minimum Flight Altitude Definition,

Minimum Flight Altitude The lowest altitude at which aircraft may safely operate An altitude allowing adequate vertical clearance from nearby terrain and manmade obstacles, and allowing proper navigational functions. For Indian Cities, MFA=300m vertical clearance above the highest obstacle on Performance Based Navigation

Altitude Sectorization High Altitude Sectorization –Sector 35,AAA,FL240 Low Altitude Sectorization-AAB,FL 230

Types of Routing-1.Airways Airway-Airway routing occurs along pre-defined pathways; Airways is thought of three-dimensional highways for aircraft- rules governing airway routing cover altitude, airspeed, and requirements for entering and leaving the airway – Most airways are eight nautical miles (14 kilometers) wide, and the airway flight levels keep aircraft separated by at least 500 vertical feet from aircraft on the flight level above and below Airways have names consisting of one or more letters followed by one or more digits (e.g., V484 or UA419). .

Types of Routing-2.Navaids Navaid- routing occurs between Navaids (short for Navigational Aids Not always connected by airways. Navaid routing typically only allowed in the continental U.S. If a flight plan specified Navaid routing between two Navaids, which are connected via an airway, the rules for that particular airway must be followed as if the aircraft was flying Airway routing between those two Navaids. Allowable altitudes are covered in Flight Levels

Types of Routing-3. Direct Direct routing occurs when one or both of the route segment endpoints are at a latitude/longitude not located at a Navaid Some flight planning organizations specify that checkpoints generated for a Direct route be a limited distance apart, or limited by time to fly between the checkpoints (i.e. direct checkpoints could be farther apart for a fast aircraft than for a slow one

Surveillance Systems (En Route) Air Route Surveillance Radar (ARSR) a long range radar system designed to provide a display of aircraft over large areas controlled by Air Route Traffic Control Centers Each ARSR site monitor aircraft flying within a200-mile radius of the antenna to 600miles ARSR antenna rotate at 5rpm providing sweeps at12 second intervals Data from multiple ARSR sites presented on controller displays in a mosaic, providing radar coverage over a large geographic area

Flight plans – position report

Flight Plan-Scheduled flights Flight plan filed in printed form thru an electronic media with ATS authorities acceptance Responsibility of the Operator to obtain briefing on MET,ATS,COMM for records Pilot in command shall be asked in person to ATS on special briefing reg weathercast facilities, safety of flight etc

Flight Plan Documents filed by pilots or a Flight Dispatcher with the local Civil Aviation Authority prior to departure Include basic information such as departure and arrival points, estimated time en route, alternate airports in case of bad weather, type of flight (VFR or IFR) pilot's name and number of people on board

Description of Flight Plan Blocks Aircraft identification Flight rules and type of flight Number and type's) of aircraft and wake turbulence category Equipment Departure aerodrome (see Note 1) Estimated off-block time (see Note 2) Cruising speed's) Cruising level's) Route to be followed Destination aerodrome and total estimated elapsed time Alternate aerodrome's) Fuel endurance Total number of persons on board Emergency and survival equipment

Flight Planning-Procedure before flight Information reg the flight informed by the Air Traffic Service Flight Plan in accordance with ICAO model flight plan Flight plan to be submitted to the ATS before 60’ before departure Flight plan transmitted to the ATS on the ground control frequency

Reporting Position Reporting Routine air reporting (met reporting) Special reporting Air Data Service Reporting

Elements of position reporting Aircraft Identification Aircraft position Time Flight level or Altitude Next position and time over Ensuing significant point

Position Reporting by Pilot Pilot shall report position after aircraft passed on the ATC designated points to ATS person Position reporting after every ½ hr and then after every 1 hr Pilot shall report position of VHF RT in the assigned airspace, if not on the HF RT if outside the assigned airspace No position reporting reqd, if adequate flight progress data available from Radar

Information to the ATC by Pilot before crossing the established Route Call Sign of the Aircraft Estimate time of crossing route Flight level Position of Crossing the route as referred to a GPS system

Route Met Reporting Air temperature Wind direction Wind speed Turbulence Aircraft icing Humidity

ADS Reporting Latitude, longitude, altitude, time of flight Ground vector (Track, rate of climb, or descent, ground speed) Projected profile Met information Change in altitude or speed

Questions Explain about position reporting, met reporting and air data reporting by Pilots What are the procedures for a take off flight for schedules unscheduled flight Distinguish between Radar and Non Radar separation List out flight plan blocks Define PBN and types of separation and their advantages Explain about Vertical and Horizontal separation wrf to RVSM Define Cruising, Reporting, MFL, Landing What is ACC and what are the services provided by ACC How Indian Airspace is divided and locate the positions of Radars for FIR What are the 3 types of routing by Pilots