French Revolution & Napoleon I. Causes of the French Revolution

I. Causes of the French Revolution A. Political 1. Absolutism 2. Corruption 3. Censorship 4. Lettres de Cachet 5. Increasingly unpopular government Louis XVI Marie Antoinette

The Affair of the Necklace Jeanne de Saint-Remy de Valois Comtesse de Lamotte Cardinal de Rohan Diamond Necklace commissioned by Louis XV for his mistress Mdme.du Barry

I. Causes of the French Revolution A. Political B. Social *Rigid Social Class Structure 1. 1 st Estate 2. 2 nd Estate 3. 3 rd Estate The Three Estates

I. Causes of the French Revolution A. Political B. Social C. Economic 1. Taxes ↑ a. Taille b. Gabelle c. Corvee d. Tithe 2. Crippling Debt Corvee

I. Causes of the French Revolution A. Political B. Social C. Economic D. Intellectual 1. Enlightenment Ideas 2. Influence of the American Revolution Rousseau Voltaire

II. The French Revolution A. Estates General ● Mirabeau, Abbe Sieyes Mirabeau Abbe Sieyes What is the Third Estate? “What is the Third Estate? Everything. What has it been hitherto in the political order? Nothing. What does it desire? To be something.” 2) Representatives equal to the other two orders taken together 3) Votes taken by head, not by orders What the people want : 1)Genuine representatives in the Estates General

II. The French Revolution A. Estates General ● Mirabeau, Abbe Sieyes 1. Convened at Versailles (May 5, 1789) 2. 3 rd Estate → National Assembly (June 17, 1789) 3. Tennis Court Oath (June 20, 1789) Mirabeau Abbe Sieyes

II. The French Revolution A. Estates General B. Moderate Beginnings 1.Storming of the Bastille ( July 14, 1789) 2. Great Fear (July – August 1789) 3. Declaration of the Rights of Man (Aug. 27,1789) ●Lafayette The Bastille Lafayette

II. The French Revolution B. Moderate Beginnings (cont.) 4. March to Versailles (Oct. 5, 1789) 5. Civil Constitution of the Clergy (July, 1790) 6. Flight to Varennes (June, 1791)

II. The French Revolution B. Moderate Beginnings (cont.) 7. Declaration of Pillnitz (August, 1791) 8. Constitution of 1791 (Sept. 3, 1791) 9. France declares war on Austria (April, 1792) Leopold IIFrederick William II

II. The French Revolution C. Growing Radicalism ●Danton, Marat, Robespierre Georges Danton ( ) Jean-Paul Marat ( ) Maximilien Robespierre ( )

The Assassination of Marat July 13, 1793 The Death of Marat (1793) Jacques-Louis David Charlotte Corday after the Murder of Marat (1861) Paul Jacques Aime Baudry

II. The French Revolution C. Growing Radicalism ●Danton, Marat, Robespierre 1. War effort goes badly 2. Republican movement ● Girondists v. Mountain 3. September Massacres (September, 1792) ● San-culottes San-culottes

II. The French Revolution 4. Execution of Louis XVI (January,1793) 5. Committee of Public Safety (April -June, 1793 ) 6. Reign of Terror (July, 1793-July, 1794) 7. Armies of France victorious (Spring, 1794) 8. Execution of Robespierre (July, 1794) Robespierre Death of Louis XVI

II. The French Revolution D. Thermidorean Reaction ( ) 1. Constitution of 1795 (3 rd ) a. Directory b. 2-house legislature 2. Discontent a. War continues b. Corruption c. Economic hardship d. Revival of royalist feeling

II. The French Revolution D. Thermidorean Reaction ( ) 1. Constitution of 1795 (3 rd ) 2. Discontent 3. Rise of Napoleon a. Tool of the Directory (1795) b. Coup d’ etat (1799) ●Consulate Napoleon as a young officer

III. The Age of Napoleon A. Consolidation of Power ●Plebiscite 1. 1 st Consul (1799) 2. Consul for Life (1802) 3. Emperor (1804) Emperor Napoleon First Consul Napoleon

III. The Age of Napoleon B. Domestic reforms 1. Concordat of Code of Napoleon → a. Equality under the law b. Abolished serfdom c. Religious toleration 3. Merit system for civil service 4. Efficient tax system 5. Furtherance of Public Education

III. The Age of Napoleon C. At war ● Expansionist policies 1. Grand Empire a. Holland, Spain, German states (excluding Austria & Prussia), Warsaw, Swiss republic, Italy b. Trafalgar (1805) c. Austerlitz (1805) Napoleon’s Empire

III. The Age of Napoleon C. At war ● Expansionist policies 1. Grand Empire 2. Downfall-Continental System (1806) a. Peninsular War-Spain ( ) b. Invasion of Russia (1812) ●Scorched-earth policy c. War of Liberation (1813) 1) Leipzig ●Battle of the Nations 2) Exile - Elba Napoleon’s Retreat from Russia Guerrilla warfare in Spain

III. The Age of Napoleon C. At war ● Expansionist policies 1. Grand Empire 2. Downfall 3. The Hundred Days (1815) a. Waterloo b. Exile – St. Helena Duke of Wellington Field Marshal Blucher Napoleon musing at St. Helena

IV. The Age of Metternich ● Contempt for revolutionary ideals A. Congress of Vienna (1815)→ 1. Leaders a. Metternich (Austria) b. Castlereagh/Wellington (Britain) c. Frederick William III (Prussia) d. Alexander I (Russia) e. Talleyrand (France) Prince Klemens von Metternich

IV. The Age of Metternich ● Contempt for revolutionary ideals A. Congress of Vienna (1815) 1. Leaders 2. Settlements a. Principle of legitimacy b. Principle of compensation

IV. The Age of Metternich ● Contempt for revolutionary ideals A. Congress of Vienna (1815) B. Quadruple Alliance ●Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain 1. Support Vienna settlements 2. Suppress revolutions

IV. The Age of Metternich ● Contempt for revolutionary ideals A. Congress of Vienna (1815) B. Quadruple Alliance C. Revolutions of 1848 ●France, Austria, Germany, Italy Berlin, March 1848