3.8.10

1. T or F – by 1914, Egypt was a protectorate of Great Britain. 2. Why were both Britain AND France interested in controlling Egypt? 3. The Suez Canal connected what two bodies of water? 4. What was the result of the Berlin Conference? 5. What three groups clashed in South Africa? 6. What were two negative results of indirect rule? 7. Who is the “white man’s burden” according to Rudyard Kipling?

1. T 2. Strategic location, use of Suez Canal for trade 3. Mediterranean and Red Sea 4. Africa was divided up into new European- controlled territories 5. Boers, Zulu and British 6. Africans secretly had no control, old elite remained in power, new class and tribal tensions emerged 7. Anyone non-white

 Homework – look at the political cartoon on page 477 and answer two accompanying questions. ALSO, know what the Monroe Doctrine and Roosevelt Corollary have to do with imperialism.

I. The Sepoy Mutiny British hired Indian soldiers (Sepoys) to protect British interests in India.  Events Leading to Revolt  1857, rumors spread that British had greased rifles with cow and pig fat  Cow = sacred to Hindus  Pig = sacred to Muslims  Indian Sepoy officers were all Hindu and Muslim

 Sepoys refused to use the cartridges, angered British  British arrested and humiliated Sepoys  Other Sepoys got mad, went on rampage and killed 50 white people  Rebellion went on for a year, but was finally suppressed by the British

 Effects of Revolt  British government took more control. British control known as Raj.  1876, Queen Victoria took title Empress of India  India = “Jewel in the Crown” of all British colonies

II. British Colonial Rule British officials appointed to rule India = viceroys. British civil service staff assisted the viceroys. 3,500 hundred British ruled a colony of over 300 million people!  Benefits of British Rule  Order and stability  Fairly honest and efficient government  New schools served the Indian elite (90% of the Indian population remained illiterate)

 Costs of British Rule  Economic hardship – British manufactured goods destroyed local industries  Highly taxed the peasants  British forced Indians to grow cotton instead of food not enough food starvation  Indians were culturally and intellectually degraded by the racist Britons

III. Indian Nationalists  Most nationalists were elite and educated  At first, preferred reform to revolution  1885 formed Indian National Conference (INC) – wanted to share in the ruling of India  Muslims and Hindus in INC couldn’t unite – separate Muslim League formed  Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 1915 and led the Indians to independence using non-violence