Chapter 27 The Deepening European Crisis: World War II

Prelude to War The “Diplomatic Revolution” ( ) Hitler becomes chancellor, January 30, 1933 Repudiation of disarmament clauses of Versailles Peace Treaty, 1935 Troops into the demilitarized Rhineland, March 7, 1936 New Allies Rome-Berlin Axis, October 1936 Anti-Comintern Pact between Germany and Japan, November 1936

Adolph Hitler & Benito Mussolini in Munich, Germany ca. June 1940

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The Path to War ( ) Annexation of Austria, March 13, 1938 Demand the cession of the Sudetenland, September 15, 1938 Munich Conference, September 29, 1938 Neville Chamberlain ( ) Appeasement German dismemberment of Czechoslovakia Non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union, August 23, 1939 Invasion of Poland, September 1, 1939 Britain and France declare war on Germany, September 3, 1939

The Path to War in Asia Japanese Empire Korea, Formosa, Manchuria, and theMarshall, Caroline, and Mariana islands 1931 Japan seized Manchuria Chiang Kai-shek

The Course to World War II Blitzkrieg (lightening war) Poland divided on September 28, 1939 Victory and Stalemate “Phony War” along the Maginot line, winter Attack on Netherlands, Belgium, and France, May 10, 1940 Evacuation of Dunkirk Surrender of France, June 22, 1940 Battle of Britain, August-September 1940 German Luftwaffe

The War in Asia Pearl Harbor A victory and a defeat Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Attacks galvanized American opinion in support for war

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Explosion of the U.S.S. Shaw during attack on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941

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Turning Point of War, The Grand Alliance Allies ignore political differences Agree on unconditional surrender German success in 1942 in Africa and Soviet Union Battle of Stalingrad, November 1942-February 1943  Scorched earth policy  Not a step back declaration War in Asia Battle of Midway, June 4, 1942 Leyte Gulf (Philippines) Iwo Jima Okinawa

Last Years of the War Rome falls June 4, 1944 D-Day invasion of France, June 6, 1944 Five assault divisions landed on Normandy beaches Within three months, two million men landed

Last Years of the War (cont) Hitler’s suicide, April 30, 1945 Surrender of Germany, May 7, 1945 Death of President Franklin Roosevelt, April 12, 1945 Difficulty of invading the Japanese homeland New President Harry Truman makes decision to use the atomic bomb August 6 drop bomb on Hiroshima and then Nagasaki Surrender of Japan, August 14, 1945

D-Day Invasion

The Nazi New Order The Nazi Empire Nazi occupies Europe was organized in two ways Some areas annexed and made into German provinces Most areas were occupied and administered by Germans Racial considerations Resettlement plans of the East Poles were uprooted and moved 2 million ethnic Germans settled Poland, 1942 Need for labor

The Holocaust First focused on emigration The Final Solution Reinhard Heydrich ( ) Einsatzgrupen Death camps In operation by the spring of 1942 Zyklon B (hydrogen cyanide) Auschwitz The Other Holocaust Death of million people beyond the million Jews 40 percent of European Gypsies

The New Order in Asia Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere “Asia for the Asians” Japanese Occupation Conquest of Nanjing “Comfort women” 800,000 Korean forced laborers

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The Mobilization of Peoples Great Britain 55 percent of the people were in ‘‘war work” By 1944, women held 50 percent of the civil service positions Dig for Victory Emphasis on a planned economy The Soviet Union Enormous losses, 2 of every 5 killed in World War II were Russians Factories moved to the interior

The Mobilization of Peoples (cont) The United States Slow mobilization until mid-1943 Social problems African-Americans Japanese Americans Germany Continued production of consumer goods first two years of the war Blitzkrieg and then plunder conquered countries Total mobilization of the economy, 1944 Japan Highly mobilized society Bushido Kamikaze

Civilians on the Front Line: The Bombing of Cities Prior to dropping nukes we firebombed Tokyo, and about 60 other major cities Atomic bomb Hiroshima, August 6, 1945 Nagasaki, August 9, 1945

Hiroshima after the atomic bomb, August 6, 1945

Aftermath: The Emergence of the Cold War The Conferences at Teheran, Yalta, and Potsdam Conference at Tehran, November 1943 Future course of the war, invasion of the continent for 1944 Agreement for the partition of postwar Germany Conference at Yalta, February 1945 “Declaration on Liberated Europe” Soviet military assistance for the war against Japan Creation of a United Nations German unconditional surrender Free elections in Eastern Europe Conference at Potsdam, July 1945 Truman replaces Roosevelt Growing problems between the Allies Winston Churchill proclaims in March 1946 the existence of “an iron curtain” across the continent of Europe

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Discussion Questions What steps did Hitler take to conquer England? Why did abandon the fight for England and turn toward Russia? What seemed to have been the causes of Soviet suspicions about Britain and the US throughout the war? Give examples. How were conquered or occupied peoples treated by the Germans during the war? Give examples. How did each country mobilize the home front for the war effort?

Web Links Neville Chamberlain Invasion of Manchuria 1931 Chiang Kai-shek Blitzkrieg Battle of Leningrad Battle of Coral Seas Holocaust Hiroshima Potsdam Conference