Chapter 2 The Planting of English America, 1500–1733

Elizabeth I (1533–1603), by Marcus Gheeraets the Younger, c Although accused of being vain, fickle, prejudiced, and miserly, she proved to be an unusually successful ruler. She never married (hence, the “Virgin Queen”), although various royal matches were projected. National Portrait Gallery, London

Sources of the Puritan “Great Migration” to New England, 1620–1650 The dark green areas indicate the main sources of the migration. Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.

Pocahontas (c. 1595–1617) Taken to England by her husband, she was received as a princess. She died when preparing to return, but her infant son ultimately reached Virginia, where hundreds of his descendants have lived, including the second Mrs. Woodrow Wilson. National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution/ Art Resource, NY

A Carolina Indian Woman and Child, by John White The artist was a member of the Raleigh expedition of Notice that the Indian girl carries a European doll, illustrating the mingling of cultures that had already begun. The Granger Collection

Sugar was the most important and most profitable plantation crop in the New World. This image shows the processing and refinement of sugar on a Brazilian plantation. Sugar cane was grown, harvested, and processed by African slaves who labored under brutal and ruthless conditions to generate enormous profits for plantation owners. (above) Sugar Mill in Brazil, by Frans Post, c (left) Saccharum Officinarum (sugar cane) Harvard University/The Granger Collection

As if sharing one great longhouse, the five nations, the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas, joined together in the Iroquois Confederacy but kept their own separate identities. Although they celebrated together and shared a common policy towards outsiders, they remained essentially independent of one another. Iroquois Lands and European Trade Centers, c. 1590–1650 Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved

In frail but artfully constructed craft like this, the Iroquois traversed the abundant waters of their confederacy and traded with their neighbors, Indians as well as whites. An Iroquois Canoe Peabody Museum, Harvard University