CM 220: College Composition II Unit 4 Seminar Interpreting the Experts and Finding Your Voice: How to use APA and Avoid Plagiarism Dr. Mary Bagley 1

Unit 4 Activities Reading: Introduction to unit; The Kaplan Guide to Successful Writing, chapters 11-12; Robin Wilson article) Tech Lab: Blogs and social networking sites (Facebook) Seminar: Review of APA citation and paraphrasing Invention Lab: Find a credible research article related to your big idea, write an APA reference page and in-text citation for that source, and paraphrase a key point from the article. Please copy and paste the paragraph you are paraphrasing into your post, also. 2

Unit 4 Project Project: Complete the “Reflecting on Sources” worksheet in Doc Sharing. Create open and closed interview questions for someone related to your “big idea” Discuss 3 secondary sources relating to your big idea. One of those should present challenges to your idea (possible objections you will need to consider). 3

Finding Credible Sources Library databases Online journals Googlescholar.com Look for sources with known authors, reputable publishers, cited sources Always verify information Avoid wikipedia.com and other questionable sources like personal blogs 4

Library Tips and Tricks Chat Weekly Library Tips & Tricks chat! On Tuesdays at 8 pm ET, the library offers a live virtual classroom to discuss the library’s resources, new features in the library, research strategies, and hopefully a lot of tips to make your research life much easier. You can find the link and more information on the calendar on the Research Guides page in the library. The library also now has a “KZoom” search feature on the main home page that will search multiple databases. Finally, review the library’s orientation video; refer to the “Tips, Tricks, Handouts, & Help” section on the library’s home page. 5

APA CITATION AND FORMATTING Some questions and answers... 6

What Do APA Rules Cover? A. Formatting/layout of document B. Types of sources you can use C. Citation style D. Both A. and C. 7

What is Parenthetical Citation? A. The citations on the References page B. Citations in the body of the paper C. (Smith, 2011, p. 5) D. Smith, J. (2011, July 5). Reflecting on the economic downturn. The New York Times. Retrieved from E. Both A and D. F. Both B. and C. 8

What Are Expectations for Reference Page Citations? A. Everything cited in the body of the paper should have a corresponding reference page citation. B. Everything cited in the body of the paper except for interviews and other personal communication should have a corresponding reference page citation. 9

Rules for Formatting: True or False? Include a header and page number on every page. A title page is not necessary. The paper can be single or triple-spaced. 12 point font size should be used. The References page starts on a new page after the body of the paper ends. 10

APA FAQ’S AND FORMATTING BASICS An Overview 11

What is APA? American Psychological Association: Standard for writing that is widely used by writers in the social sciences, education, business and psychology. Most Kaplan courses require it Guides the layout of the document Requires parenthetical citations in the body of the essay Uses a reference page with full citations for each source cited in-text Exception: interviews or other personal communications that cannot be retrieved are only cited in-text 12

APA—6 th edition New edition—number 6--has some slight differences from the 5 th edition The Writing Center has posted new documents that reflect these changes Main changes: 1.DOI 2.Spacing after periods (2 instead of 1) 3.Title page formatting/running header 13

Instructions on Formatting Joni Boone, a Writing Center specialist, has designed a video showing students how to set up documents in APA format. /playlists/Citation+Videos/media/9e54d8 4d-28bc-47bd-a2a7-1c5b0cbb

Document Formatting and Title Page 15

Body Page 2 16

CITATION, PLAGIARISM, & PARAPHRASE Using and Citing Sources 17

3 Ways to Use Sources Quote Summarize Paraphrase LIMIT the use of quotes. Increase the originality of your paper by TRANSLATING the information from the sources into your own language (paraphrasing) 18

Why is it Important to Cite? Helps to build credibility Shows your readers you are honest and that you have done your research! Gives reader necessary information to find sources and do further research Helps avoid issues with plagiarism. 19

How to Cite Provide in-text citations for all material from sources, whether summarized, quoted, or paraphrased. Show WHICH sources have been used, WHERE, and to WHAT EXTENT by using IN TEXT CITATIONS List sources alphabetically on the References page and make sure citations match up (author, title, or organization name in in-text citation should be the first part of the entry on the References page). 20

In-text Citations Requires two or three pieces of information:  Author’s last name  Year  Page or paragraph number (required for direct quotes only) (Thompson, 2007) (Thompson, 2007, p. 345) OR (Thompson, 2007, ¶ 4) A survey by the Census Bureau indicates that half of American households have a computer (Thompson, 2007). According to Thompson (2007), “50 percent of the population have computers” (p. 345). 21

In-text Citations with No Author Many sources do not have a cited author. Websites, for example, often use a CORPORATE AUTHOR (CDC, USDA). If no individual author is listed, cite by the CORPORATE AUTHOR (CDC, 2008) or if no corporate author is listed, by the title of the article or page you are using (“New Technologies in the Workplace,” 2009). 22

What is Plagiarism? 23

Using Sources Appropriately Use sources to support and explain your own ideas. Consider drafting without any sources and then adding sources to help defend, develop and explore your ideas. Avoid simply cutting and pasting information from sources! Do not fill your papers with source information for the sake of filling up space. Interact with and analyze source information—don’t leave quotes “hanging.” Do not over-quote! 24

To Avoid Plagiarizing... Cite in-text and on the references page Paraphrase if translating into your own words Quote if using the source’s exact language 25

Paraphrasing What it is: Taking source ideas and translating them into your own language, vocabulary, and sentence structure A paraphrase is usually shorter than the original source; a summary is even shorter. What it isn’t: Changing the source’s meaning and ideas Simply changing the order of some words or substituting synonyms 26

How Do I Decide What to Cite? Is this information that most people would know? Is this information that would be known by those outside of a particular field? Is the information readily available in general reference sources like encyclopedias? If the answer to all three is “Yes,” then the material is common knowledge and you don’t need a citation (unless, of course, you want to use a direct quote!). For more details, go to m m 27

Which of These Needs a Citation? There are 5,283 hospice programs in the United States. The critic Stephen Greenblatt argues that the religious conflicts of his period, especially those that occurred during his youth, had an effect on Shakespeare's work. The freezing point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit or 0 degrees Centigrade. The teen pregnancy rate declined by two percent between 1999 and

Tips for Effective Paraphrasing Decide where you need to include source information in your writing. Locate the source that best helps you to defend, develop or clarify your ideas Read the source WITHOUT having your paper open. This helps you to avoid cutting and pasting. Read the source until you understand it and can explain it to others without having the source open. Close your source. Open your paper. Insert the source information where you need it, in your own words. Compare the paraphrase to the original, changing any accidental cutting and pasting to your own words. Cite the source. 29

Kaplan Writing Center Resource Diane Martinez led a helpful workshop on paraphrasing called “Picking Plums or Integrating Sources into Your Own Writing.” You can access the archive at 9/ 30

PLAGIARISM WORKSHOP, 1 ORIGINAL: “One of the most damaging consequences of media’s images of women and men is that these images encourage us to perceive normal bodies and normal physical functions as problems. It’s understandable to wish we weighed a little more or less, had better developed muscles, and never had pimples or cramps. What is neither reasonable nor healthy, however, is to regard healthy, functional bodies as abnormal and unacceptable. Yet this is precisely the negative self-image cultivated by media portrayals of women and men.” Wood, Julia T. Our Body, Our Image: How the Media Hurts Our Sense of Self. New York: Longman,

Plagiarism Workshop, 2 Is this plagiarism of that source? STUDENT VERSION ONE: A damaging consequence of media’s images of women and men is that these images encourage us to think of normal bodies and normal physical functions as problems. It’s totally understandable to wish we weighed a little more or less, had bigger muscles, and never had pimples or cramps. What is neither reasonable nor healthy, however, is to think of healthy, functional bodies as abnormal and unacceptable. But this is precisely the negative self-image cultivated by media portrayals of women and men. 32

Plagiarism Workshop, 3 Is this plagiarism of that source? STUDENT VERSION TWO A damaging consequence of media’s images of women and men is that these images encourage us to think of normal bodies and normal physical functions as problems. It’s totally understandable to wish we weighed a little more or less, had bigger muscles, and never had pimples or cramps. What is neither reasonable nor healthy, however, is to think of healthy, functional bodies as abnormal and unacceptable. But this is precisely the negative self-image cultivated by media portrayals of women and men (Wood) 33

Plagiarism Workshop, 4 Is this plagiarism? STUDENT VERSION THREE: A damaging consequence of media’s images of women and men is that these images encourage us to think of normal bodies and normal physical functions as problems. As Julia T. Wood points out, “It’s understandable to wish we weighed a little more or less, had better developed muscles, and never had pimples or cramps“ (300). What is neither reasonable nor healthy, however, is to think of healthy, functional bodies as abnormal and unacceptable. But this is “precisely the negative self-image cultivated by media portrayals of women and men” (Wood 300). 34

Plagiarism Workshop, 5 Is this plagiarism? STUDENT VERSION FOUR: A casual glance at any fashion magazine makes the point—we need to weigh less, have clearer skin, larger breasts if we are women, and more hair if we are men. As Julia T. Wood points out, media images “encourage us to perceive normal bodies and normal physical functions as problems” (1998, p. 300). This media-generated perception--that our perfectly normal bodies must be altered to be acceptable--is changing how we perceive our own bodies and negatively impacting our society (Wood, 1998). 35

Practice Paraphrasing How would you paraphrase this source? “So That Nobody Has to go to School if They Don’t Want To,” by Roger Sipher A decline in standardized test scores is but the most recent indicator that American education is in trouble. One reason for the crisis is that present mandatory-attendance laws force many to attend school who have no wish to be there. Such children have little desire to learn and are so antagonistic to school that neither they nor more highly motivated students receive the quality education that is the birthright of every American. The solution to this problem is simple: Abolish compulsory-attendance laws and allow only those who are committed to getting an education to attend. 36

THE REFERENCES PAGE How to create... 37

References page formatting Start on a new page, titled Reference(s), centered in upper- and lowercase letters. Include a page header and page number in the upper right-hand corner. Alphabetize by author’s last name. Double-space throughout. Use a hanging indent (1st line of each entry flush left, indent subsequent lines 5-7 spaces). Match with in-text citations. Italicize titles of books and periodicals. 38

References Page 39

Common Source Types Books Journal articles Magazine articles Newspaper articles Web sites Interviews Speeches Remember, each source has a specific formatting style! 40

Book with one author Maslow, A.H. (1974). Toward a psychology of being. Princeton: Van Nostrand. Author. (Publication year). Title. City of publication: publishing company. IN TEXT CITATION: (Maslow, 1974). 41

Journal Article Miller, W. (1969). Violent crimes in city gangs. Journal of Social Issues, 21(10), Author. (year of publication). Title of article. Journal name, volume #(issue #), page number(s). IN TEXT CITATION: (Miller, 1969). For quote: (Miller, 1969, p. 27). 42

APA 6 th Edition and DOI Use DOI (Digital Object Identifier) instead of retrieval date and database for information obtained electronically (library database, for example) or online DOI – “a unique alphanumeric string assigned to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the internet. The DOI is typically located on the first page of the electronic journal article near the copyright notice. When a DOI is used in your citation, no other retrieval information is needed” (Trexler Library, 2010, p. 3). 43

Magazine Article McCurdy, H.G. (1983, June). Brain mechanisms and intelligence. Psychology Today, 46, Author’s name. (year/month of publication). Article title. Magazine Name, volume #, page number(s). IN TEXT CITATION: (McCurdy, 1983). 44

Newspaper Article James, W.R. (1993, November 16). The uninsured and health care. Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A14. Author’s name. (Publication date). Article title. Newspaper name, page # and section. IN TEXT CITATION: (James, 1993). 45

Internet Source-author known Smith, K. & Jones, M. (2003). Building a better rifle. Retrieved March 17, 2011, from Please note that APA has changed its rule about including a RETRIEVAL DATE. In general, if a source is apt to change (updated material, for example), a Retrieval date is required; otherwise, no retrieval date is included. 46

Internet Source—Corporate Author U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2003). Guidelines for growing certified organic foods (USDA Publication No ). Retrieved from IN TEXT CITATION: (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2003). 47

Internet Sources Keep in mind that internet source citation styles can vary dramatically depending upon what information you have available. You want to include as much information as possible, make sure the link works, and ensure that the link on the references page takes the reader directly to the relevant page. 48