Lecture 9 – INTERTIDAL ZONATION BIOLOGICAL FACTORS.

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Presentation transcript:

Lecture 9 – INTERTIDAL ZONATION BIOLOGICAL FACTORS

reproductive mode competitionlarval settlement predation survival grazing BIOLOGICAL FACTORS

1. Grazing -growth of Laminaria - zone ends abruptly Why?

1. Grazing Experiment done in New South Wales, Australia

Underwood (1980 Oecologia 46:201) Used exclusion cages 1- Open2 - Fence3 - Roof4 - Cage Grazers excluded Grazers in Normal Shade Normal

1- Open2 - Fence3 - Roof4 - Cage Grazers excluded Grazers in Normal Shade Normal No growth or recruitment Recruitment but poor growth No growth or recruitment Recruitment and growth to nearly adult size Therefore - upper limit dictated by exposure + grazers

2. Predation Pisaster ochraceous on Mytilus californianus R. Paine

2. Predation Pisaster ochraceous on Mytilus californianus

2. Predation Pisaster ochraceous on Mytilus californianus Time (Years) Height above chart datum Pisaster removal begins Pisaster removal ends

3. Competition ChthalamusSemibalanus

3. Competition Millport, Isle of Cumbrae

3. Competition EHWS MTL ELWS Chthalamus zone Semibalanus zone

3. Competition EHWS MTL ELWS Chthalamus zone Semibalanus zone Remove Semibalanus

3. Competition EHWS MTL ELWS Chthalamus zone Semibalanus zone Remove Chthalamus

3. Competition Lifted SmotheredCrushed?? Source of Mortality

3. Competition MHWS MTL MHWN MLWN MLWS Larval settlementEffects of physical factorsCompetition Chthamamus Semibalanus

Distribution of Semibalanus and Chthalamus Wethey Biol.Bull. 165:330 Semibalanus Chthalamus

Wethey Biol.Bull. 165:330 Nahant, Mass. No Chthalamus Guilford & Horse Island, Conn. Semibalanus & Chthalamus coexist Distribution of Semibalanus and Chthalamus

Percent cover by each species Tidal Height MHWNMLWN Vertical-North Vertical-West 10º Slope-South Chthalamus Semibalanus Wethey Biol.Bull. 165:330 Distribution of Semibalanus and Chthalamus

Chthalamus Semibalanus Drip Dry Percent cover by each species Tidal Height MHWNMLWN Wethey Biol.Bull. 165:330 Distribution of Semibalanus and Chthalamus

Wethey Biol.Bull. 165:330 Percent cover by each species Tidal Height MHWNMLWN Chthalamus Semibalanus Increasing sun exposure Distribution of Semibalanus and Chthalamus

Wethey Biol.Bull. 165:330 Tidal Height MHWNMLWN Vertical-North Vertical-West 10º Slope-South Chthalamus Semibalanus Settlement density ( no./cm Distribution of Semibalanus and Chthalamus

4. Larval Settlement Generalized life cycle for marine invertebrates Dispersing larva (planktonic) settle juvenile adult egg

4. Larval Settlement Larval settlementFinal distribution pattern happens because of 1. Indiscriminate settlement and high mortality 2. Discriminate settlement and low mortality

4. Larval Settlement Flustrellidra lives on Ascophyllum Distribution of Bryozoans Hurlbut J.Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 147:103

4. Larval Settlement Hurlbut ‘91 - Distribution of Bryozoans Alcyonidium Chondrus Fucus Rock Geukensia Hurlbut J.Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 147:103

4. Larval Settlement Hurlbut J.Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 147:103

4. Larval Settlement Hurlbut ‘91 - Distribution of Bryozoans Flustrellidra Ascophyllum Hurlbut J.Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 147:103

4. Larval Settlement Results Flustrellidra - larvae selectively settle on Ascophyllum - greater survivorship on Ascophyllum Alcyonidium -larvae show preferential settlement on Fucus and Chondrus - most adult colonies occur on rock Hurlbut J.Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 147:103

Summary Observed distribution and abundance temperature desiccationice wave exposure reproductive mode competition larval settlement predationsurvival grazing