Pick a product and brainstorm the similarities among all of these products

3 PLANT UNITS ANATOMY AND FUNCTIONS

Photosynthesis: a life-sustaining process  Produce glucose  energy source for plants and consumers  Plants: the base of the food chain in many ecosystem  Responsible for atmospheric oxygen The Biosphere Depends on Plants Write the chemical equation for cellular respiration and explain why photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complimentary processes? C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy Complimentary processes because the products of cellular respiration are the reactants of PS and vice versa. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

Cellulose: a large and complex carbohydrate  We cannot digest it but can use it in different ways  Examples: grass for cattle, Cottons, fabrics, paper, cardboard The Biosphere Depends on Plants 5

Plants as a Food Source -important crops: sugar cane, potatoes, sugar beets, soybeans and barley 1 in 7 jobs in Canada is in agriculture 10% of Canada’s GDP Plants as a Source of Biochemicals  25% of prescription medicines contain plant extracts  Rosy periwinkle - childhood leukemia and Hodgkin’s. Survival rates have gone from 20% to 90%  Ginseng – immune system function Plants as Biofuels  Coals –decomposed plants buried deep underground  Biofuels: fuels that are produced from renewable biological sources  Most biofuels come from corn (ethanol).  1 L of fossil fuel to produce 1.25L of corn ethanol Plants help control erosion  The paradox of farming: farmers need good soil to farm, yet farming destroys good soil.  Soil erosion can be reduced by covering the area with plants

 One type of plant is grown in place of the natural ecosystem Monoculture Pros of this approachCons of this approach increase crop yield ease of caring nutrient depletion in soil vulnerable to pests require synthetic fertilizers

Sustainable Agriculture  An approach that integrates economics, the environment and society in meeting the nutritional needs of the world  Crop rotations, natural predators, laborers vs. machines Food Security 8

 Plants evolved about 500 million years ago from simple green algae that lived in the ocean.  All plants are autotrophic and some, like the Venus fly-trap, can also be heterotrophic.  All plants are eukaryotic and multicellular. Kingdom Plantae

What adaptations do these plants have for life on land? 

Vascular tissue to transport fluids against gravity Roots to gain access to water Light weight pollen and seeds for dispersal by wind, water, pollinators Flowers to attract pollinators Protective coating to resist desiccation Fruits to protect seeds from dryness and disperse them to the right locations for germination Waxy cuticle and stomata in leaves to minimize water loss and maximize CO 2 intake

 Contain a nucleus and organelles, and 2 special features:  Cell wall (made of cellulose, a complex carbohydrate, provides rigid structural support; difficult to digest)  Chloroplast (organelle that conducts photosynthesis) Plant Cells

Fungi: more related to plants or animals? WHY (evidence)? More related to Animals Evidence: Similar protein sequences (molecular evidence) Chitin in cell wall Heterotrophs/saprobes Store sugars as glycogen

How can plants stand up straight without a skeleton? 14

We have seen this hierarchy in animals…it also exists in plants

Basic tissues types in Vascular plants Tissue typesExamplesMajor function 1. Meristematic tissue - Producing new cells -undifferentiated embryonic plant tissue from which all other plant tissues develop 2. Dermal tissue Guard cells: surround stoma (plural: stomata) -stomata are openings in leaves where gas exchange takes place Root hairs:  increase surface area available for absorption of water and nutrients Protective outer covering of the plant

3. Ground tissue  Form most of the plant’s internal and external material  Contains parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells , storage and support In stems: provide strength & support In leaves: where PS occurs Contains -parenchyma, -collenchyma and -sclerenchyma cells 4. Vascular tissue transports water, minerals, nutrients and provide support

Recall: Vascular bundles = xylem + phloem Xylem cells: - dead cells, stacked end-to- end -transport water & minerals from roots to other parts of plant Stem cross section Phloem cells: - living cells; smaller diameter than xylem. - Transport sugars from leaves to other parts

Classifying Plants

Shoot system (above ground):  Stems: provide structural support and transport materials  Leaves: photosynthesis Root system (underground):  anchors the plant by penetrating the soil  absorbs water and nutrients Vascular Plant Organ Systems 20

1.Main photosynthetic organ 2.Broad, flat surface increases surface area for light absorption 3.Have systems to prevent water loss Stomata open in day but close at night or when hot to conserve water 4.System of gas exchange Allow CO 2 in and O 2 out of leaf Elephant Ear Plant Leaves & its structure 21

Upper leafFunction 1. Cuticleprevent water from evaporate 2. Epidermis tissueprotect leaf; do not perform photosynthesis Middle leaf Function 1. Mesophyll tissue consists of palisade tissue cells and spongy parenchyma cells 1a. Palisade tissue cells perform photosynthesis, have lots of chloroplasts inside. Lots of mitochondria as well for cellular respiration 1b. Spongy parenchyma below palisade tissue. Contain loosely packed cells. This creates spaces like a sponge to store water vapour, O 2, CO 2 for photosynthesis 4. Vascular bundles made up of xylem and phloem; form veins that acts like water and nutrient pipes that deliver to all cells in leaf Lower leaf Function 1. Epidermisalso the layer that protects leaves. Contain guard cells 2. Guard cells Every 2 guard cells creates an opening called stomata which allow CO2 to enter leaves and O2 and water vapour to exit the leaves. Many guard cells across leaf's lower surface

Functions 1.Absorb H 2 O & minerals 2.Anchor the plant in soil 3.Store carbohydrate s, water and nutrients RootTypes of roots 1 -Taproot: - Can reach far underground for water - Anchor plant firmly in the ground - Plants with this type of root are harder to pull out E.g. dandelion root 2. Fibrous root: - Near soil surface - Cover large surface area to look for water right under soil surface -helps prevent soil erosion and landslides.

Monocots and Dicots  Monocot Non-woody plants Dicot Woody plants 25 One cotyledon Two

Plants though immobile can defend themselves Watch for your interest: