Course: Bioinformatics Presented by: Adil Hussain

Cloning Creating an exact organism Naturally Artificially Process 1. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer 2. Artificial Embryo Twinning 3. The Roslin Technique

DNA in a Cell

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Somatic Cell Any cell of the body except sperm or egg Nucleus Brain of the cell PROCESS

Artificial Embryo Twinning Simple cloning process Copies the natural process Naturally identical twins Artificial twins PROCESS

The Roslin Technique Roslin Institute Variation of the Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer PROCESS 1. Somatic cells (nuclei intact) to grow & divide 2. Inactive state 3. Fused with egg cell (without nucleus) 4. Grow into embryo 5. Implanted in surrogate mother

Cloning for CS students Complicated procedure Problems Multiplication of cells Embryos not developing Abnormalities in embryos DNA controls cell transformation 30,000 DNA in a single cell

Dolly (the cloned sheep) 5 th July 1996 – 14 th February 2003 First mammal to be created from an adult somatic cell 1/277 attempts made Dolly

Process of cloning Dolly

Cloning in Pakistan Pakistan is an agricultural country Biotechnology to improve crops SUGARCANE – 5 th largest producer 458 mounds per acre mounds per acre Diseases reduced production 10% – 77%

Cloning in Pakistan AGRIBIOTECH 1. Plants are vigorous, healthy, disease free and of a premium quality. 2. Yield increases from 50% – 100% 3. Sugar recovery increase by % 4. Reduces the seed requirement to one third 5. Reduce lodging which will also decrease the infestation of insects and pests. 6. Lower production cost due to high sugar and cane yield per unit area. 7. Vigorous growth and development results greater disease resistance. 8. Availability of high quality vigorous and disease free seed at affordable price round the year. 9. Every bud sprouts at least thrice

Role of Bioinformatics In Cloning Ensuring integrity Matching DNA Extent of mutations

Conclusion Successful cloning is very difficult Very low success rate Stem cell research Diseases (gene therapy) Abnormalities Gene Therapy Gene screening to identify defective gene Normal gene to correct it Organ Transplant Human reproductive cloning

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