An Application of Field Monitoring Data in Estimating Optimal Planting Dates of Cassava in Upper Paddy Field in Northeast Thailand ----- Meeting Notes (9/26/12 09:03) ----- cropping system in Northeastern part of Thailand. Mallika SRISUTHAM1,2, Masaru MIZOGUCHI1, Anan POLTHANEE2, Ryoichi DOI1 1 Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo. JAPAN. 2 Department of Land Resources and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, KhonKaen University. THAILAND.
Topics for today Back ground of research Objectives Material and Method Results and discussion Conclusion Kindly suggestions and questions
Northeast Thailand Map Location & Problem Several areas experience both flood & drought problems ----- Meeting Notes (9/26/12 09:03) ----- Thailand is located in the tropical areas. totally more than 60% are agricultural land. When talk about agriculture. we have to think about water supply and any factors that influences for cropping. Source: Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Northeast Thailand Map Flood risk Map Drought risk Map
Climate Change & Rainfall Monthly rainfall; March 2006 to 2011 Compared to average from 1950 to1997 Source: Hydro and Agro Informatics Institute (HAII) Ministry of Science and Technology, Thailand
Monthly rainfall; May, 2006 to 2011 Compared to average from 1950 to1997 Source: Hydro and Agro Informatics Institute (HAII) Ministry of Science and Technology, Thailand
Climate Change & Air Temp. Mean of Daily High Temperature in Thailand Climate Change & Air Temp.
Limitation factors for cropping Water supply is limited in upper paddy field. Precipitation (Rainfall) is mainly water supply. Ground water/water table were found at 2.5-3.0 m. depth from ground surface in dry season. Poor soil; high-drainage, low nutrients fertility. Environmental conditions Socio-Economic conditions Rice is a main crop for farmers in Thailand. Intercropping are needed in those areas. Poor farmers; low cost crops Source: Hydro and Agro Informatics Institute (HAII), Ministry of Science and Technology, Thailand
Cropping Systems in Upper Paddy Areas, Northeast Thailand Major crop Minor crops Source: URL; http://www.123rf.com/photo_9737394_paddy-field-north-east-of-thailand.html Sugarcane Cassava Corn Peanut
Cropping systems in NE, Thailand Upper Paddy (Rain-fed areas) Source: Anan P. and G. Marten (1986)
Why’s Cassava? Droughts tolerant plant, it can grow in areas with as little as 500 mm rainfall per year and survives in areas with dry period of 5-6 months (since it has a conservative pattern of water use) (Cock, 1985). Cassava is well adapted to poor soils (Barnaud et al, 2006), low fertility and very acid soil (Howeler, 2006). It is a popular crop among poor farmers because it requires few input besides labor to produce a reasonable yield.
Objectives To estimate the optimum planting dates and harvesting time for cassava after rice in upper paddy areas. To investigate the influences of environmental conditions (climatic data and soil moisture) in changing of cropping system in the upper paddy areas, Khon Kaen province.
The study area in Khon Kaen province The study areas is located in the upper paddy field at Phea-fan village in Khon Kaen province, Thailand. At latitude 164718 N, longitude.1024926 E, which is located about 40 km of Khon Kaen city. The elevation at 206 m above mean sea level, with slope about 2 to 5 %. Thailand map The study area in Khon Kaen province
Maturity Stem and Preparation for Planting Cutting stem 15-20 cm Maturity stem : 8-12 months old Preparation before planting
Land Preparation and Planting cassava 70-80 cm Growth measurement 50 cm Cutting stem 15-20 cm Planting on ridge
Real-time Monitoring System Meteorological data; Rainfall Solar radiation Air temperature Air humidity Wind direction-wind speed Weather station (June 17th, 2011) 2nd-Planting date area (November 21st, 2011) 1st-Planting date area (November 21st, 2011) 5TE sensor; Soil moisture Soil temperature Bulk electrical conductivity
Real-time Monitoring system http://x-ability.jp/FieldRouter/vbox0036/ Source: Mizoguchi et.al (2011)
Planting Date Soil moisture content at 4 and 16 cm 1st-Planting date on 21st Nov 2011 2nd -Panting date on 21st Dec 2011 Rice cropping (June to Mid-October) Cassava cropping/or any 2nd crops (November to end-May) Soil moisture content at 4 and 16 cm November: 0.31 to 0.38 cm3/cm3 0.27 to 0.29 cm3/cm3 December: 0.28 to 0.31cm3/cm3 0.24 to 0.27 cm3/cm3 The distributions of rainfall (mm) and soil moisture content (cm3/cm3) in cassava field from June 17th, 2011 to February 27th, 2012
Growth of cassava 2nd-Planting date area 1st-Planting date area 16 samples around soil moisture sensor were measured and recorded growth rate
Results and Discussions
(a) The fluctuations of rainfall (mm) in cassava field, (b) and (c) changes of soil moisture, growth of cassava and waterlogging occurred in the areas of the first -planting date and second-planting date respectively. Growth of cassava (cm) Watarlogging occured (a) The distribution of rainfall from November 2011 to June 1st, 20112 (b) Changes of soil moisture related to growth rate in the areas of first-planting date (c) Changes of soil moisture related to growth rate in the areas of second-planting date Growth of cassava (cm) Watarlogging occured May 26th, 2012 : At 8, 16 and 32 cm ----- Meeting Notes (9/26/12 09:03) ----- cassava growth is very active to soil moisture. Watarlogging occured May 25th, 2012: At 4 and16 cm At 8 cm, there is no data (sensor broken). 20
Growth Rate of Cassava I II III Growth measurement
Root yield & the Starch content Harvesting date; May 31, 2012 1st- Planting date: 67.74 ton/ha 2nd-Planting date: 62.56 ton/ha 6 months Sampling 5 kg; to investigate the obtained of starch content 4 months 5 months
Conclusions Real-time monitoring data in the field is useful to estimate the optimum planting date and the right time to harvest. The optimum planting dates of cassava after rice in upper paddy field in Khon Kaen, should be starting in period of November rather than December. The times for harvesting should be more than 6 months after transplanting (if, it possible). Then the starch content will be increased. However, in this case the harvesting date was done by the end-May. That is the right times for market condition.
Distribution of cassava growing areas in Thailand Percent of cassava area harvested in each month for the whole of Thailand. May, June, July Source: Office of Agriculture Economics, DOA,1999.
Common cropping systems in Northeast Thailand Conclusions Common cropping systems in Northeast Thailand Cropping system in the upper paddy areas in Khon Kaen province are changes, it seems influences by climate change in this region.
Thank you very much for your kind attention MARCO Symposium 2012 (24th – 27th Sept, 2012)