Enlightenment Literature 24 January 2008. Enlightenment Review Erosion of traditional authority Revelation (Bible) Classical texts Aristocracy New authority.

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Enlightenment Literature 24 January 2008

Enlightenment Review Erosion of traditional authority Revelation (Bible) Classical texts Aristocracy New authority is human reason Philosophes—anti-nobility, anti-church Religion (deism) Political theory (social contract)

Jonathan Swift ( ) Irish clergyman Pessimist, challenged Enlightenement confidence Bitter satires “A Modest Proposal” (1729) Gulliver’s Travels (1726) In four parts Narrator becomes a misanthrope

Economics—A New Science Background of mercantilism “Political Economy”—relation of study to State policy French economists: “physiocrats” Drew on thought of late Scholastic philosophers Argued against anti-farm policies of French government Wanted more a of a free market

Adam Smith ( ) Part of Scottish Enlightenment Wealth of Nations (1776) Division of labor Private vice is public gain? “Invisible hand” of the marketplace

A New Philosophy of History Skepticism toward ancient sources Don’t trust the narrative Seek for internal “clues” to learn more about authors and their times Giambattista Vico ( ) and Philosophy of History Edward Gibbon ( ) and The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

Views of Language Impulse to catalogue and analyze Denis Diderot ( ) and the Encyclopedie Claimed to be sum of all human knowledge

Dr. Samuel Johnson ( ) Most celebrated English literary figure of his day Famous quotations (many from Boswell) Dictionary of the English Language (1755)

Voltaire ( ) Most famous philosophe Diehard skeptic, enemy of Christianity Praised English constitutionalism Satire: Candide (1759)