Plant Structure and Function

Angiosperm structure Root system depends on shoot for organic molecules Root system depends on shoot for organic molecules Shoot system depends on root for water and nutrients Shoot system depends on root for water and nutrients Organ vs. tissue Organ vs. tissue

Plant tissues Nonwoody plants: Epidermis Nonwoody plants: Epidermis Wood plants: Periderm replaces epidermis Wood plants: Periderm replaces epidermis Water/nutrient absorption vs. cuticle Water/nutrient absorption vs. cuticle Root and stem vascular tissue: stele Root and stem vascular tissue: stele Ground tissue INTERNAL to vascular: pith Ground tissue INTERNAL to vascular: pith Ground tissue EXTERNAL to vascular: cortex Ground tissue EXTERNAL to vascular: cortex Protoplast: Cell contents EXCLUDING the cell wall Protoplast: Cell contents EXCLUDING the cell wall

Plant tissues

For your assigned organ, either list examples of form follows function OR describe the basic structure of it (including tissues and difference between monocot and eudicot). Be prepared to explain 5 – Leaf structure (688) 5 – Leaf structure (688) 6- Stem structure (687) 6- Stem structure (687) 7 - Root structure (685) 7 - Root structure (685) 1 – Leaf form follows function 1 – Leaf form follows function 2 – Stem form follows function 2 – Stem form follows function 3 – Root form follows function 3 – Root form follows function

Plant growth Indeterminate vs. determinate growth Indeterminate vs. determinate growth Annuals vs. biennials vs. perennials Annuals vs. biennials vs. perennials Apical meristems  primary growth Apical meristems  primary growth Lateral meristems  secondary growth Lateral meristems  secondary growth When does growth happen? When does growth happen?

Plant structure

Plant growth

Secondary growth

Plant concept map Start your concept map with the following categories Start your concept map with the following categories Think carefully how you want to integrate the diagrams. They can be hand drawn or cut out from the internet. Many terms can be used to label diagram (still need to be connected to 2 other terms with connecting phrase) Think carefully how you want to integrate the diagrams. They can be hand drawn or cut out from the internet. Many terms can be used to label diagram (still need to be connected to 2 other terms with connecting phrase) Over the weekend, write out terms, and begin finding connections between terms Over the weekend, write out terms, and begin finding connections between terms Plant Reproduction Structure Regulation transport

Water potential review

Transport regulation: Root pressure Aquaporins: Increase the RATE of osmosis Aquaporins: Increase the RATE of osmosis Cell membrane vs. vacuolar membrane (tonoplast) Cell membrane vs. vacuolar membrane (tonoplast) Symplast vs. apoplast Symplast vs. apoplast

Root pressure Diffusion is only efficient over VERY small distances (less than 100 μm) Diffusion is only efficient over VERY small distances (less than 100 μm) Bulk flow (driven by pressure) Bulk flow (driven by pressure) Pathway of water and minerals Pathway of water and minerals Guttation: Guttation: Increasing SA: Root hairs and mycorrhizae Increasing SA: Root hairs and mycorrhizae Root pressure can only push water up 2-3 m. What mechanism delivers water to the top of a Redwood tree?

Transpiration Push (+ Ψ) or pull (- Ψ)? Push (+ Ψ) or pull (- Ψ)? Ψ outside leaf < Ψ inside leaf Ψ outside leaf < Ψ inside leaf Direction of water vapor? Direction of water vapor? TRANSPIRATION! TRANSPIRATION! How could this allow water to move upward? Film lining air spaces curves as vapor leaves ↑ radius  ↓ Ψ

Transpiration- Cohesion Water pulled toward airspace film, which pulls on COLUMN of water molecules (cohesion and adhesion) Water pulled toward airspace film, which pulls on COLUMN of water molecules (cohesion and adhesion)

Transpiration lab instructions Place plant into tubing UNDER water. Check to ensure there are no air bubbles. Use petroleum jelly to seal Place plant into tubing UNDER water. Check to ensure there are no air bubbles. Use petroleum jelly to seal Prediction, interpretation of conditions Prediction, interpretation of conditions Why change units to mL/m2? Why change units to mL/m2? Mark which data must be filled in Mark which data must be filled in

Stomatal opening/closing Photosynthesis/transpiration compromise Photosynthesis/transpiration compromise Sunny, warm, windy days increase evaporation, why? Sunny, warm, windy days increase evaporation, why? Adaptations to water loss: Cuticle, biochemical pathways (xerophytes) Adaptations to water loss: Cuticle, biochemical pathways (xerophytes)

Light: Stimulates membrane proton pumps  K+ accumulation  Osmosis makes guard cells turgid  Stomata open Light: Stimulates membrane proton pumps  K+ accumulation  Osmosis makes guard cells turgid  Stomata open Depletion of CO2  stomata open Depletion of CO2  stomata open Circadian rhythm, Circadian rhythm,

Phloem movement

Plant reproduction

Double fertilization 1 sperm  egg (zygote- 2n) 1 sperm  egg (zygote- 2n) 1 sperm  2 polar nuclei (3n)  endosperm 1 sperm  2 polar nuclei (3n)  endosperm

Embryo development

Seed structure Ovule  seed Ovule  seed Ovary  fruit (controlled by hormones) Ovary  fruit (controlled by hormones) Simple (peach, pea pod, nut) vs. aggregate (raspberry) vs. multiple (pineapple) Simple (peach, pea pod, nut) vs. aggregate (raspberry) vs. multiple (pineapple)

Seed germination

Phototropism experiments

Phototropism experiment (Went) Extracted the chemical messenger (auxin)

Plant hormones Know table on pg Auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene Know table on pg Auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene