Surface Plasmons What They Are, and Their Potential Application in Solar Cells Martin Kirkengen, AMCS, UiO Collaboration with Joakim Bergli, Yuri Galperin,

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Surface Plasmons What They Are, and Their Potential Application in Solar Cells Martin Kirkengen, AMCS, UiO Collaboration with Joakim Bergli, Yuri Galperin, Alexander Ulyashin Definitely work in progress...

What is a Plasmon Surface plasmons = surface plasmon polaritons Fluctuation in density of electrons Solution to Maxwell equations at metal/dielectric interface Exponentially decaying in z-direction +++ _ _ _ +++ _ _ _ x z 11 22

Dispersion Relation Faster phase velocity than in air Coupling light -> plasmon only possible in special geometries Grating (discreet, periodic sampling) Roughness Spheres (H. Räther, Surface Plasmons, Springer 1988)

Plasmons on a Sphere Lowest mode: dipole Higher modes Quadrupole etc. n=1 n=3n=2 n=6

Resonance Condition General for all modes: m=n 2 /n 1 Lowest (dipole) mode: n 1 =1, n=1 What – negative  n 2 2 = m 2 = - 2,  = -2 n2n2 n1n1 Bohren&Huffman, Absorption &Scattering of Light by Small Particles (Wiley 1983)

Dielectric Constant of Metals 0 at plasmon frequency Negative dielectric constant => imaginary index of refraction => reflection High frequencies => transparent Ag Free Electrons (Drude model) Bound electrons (Lorentz model)

Oldest Known Applications Colloidal gold in glasses: Lycurgus Cup (400 AD)Red color due to gold (1400 AD)

Main Plasmon Applications Today Measuring dielectric constant of solutions Guided plasmons -> plasmonics Forschungszentrum Jülich

What about the Solar Cells? Proposed architecture (UNSW): Increased spread of incident light – can replace texturing Possibly direct transitions from high-k Fourier components of the dipole field

Challenges in Solar Cells Avoid reflection Shift resonance to visible region Cheap method of fabrication

Emission From Dipole Near Surface Reciprocity principle + frustrated total reflection =>emission into ”impossible angles”, guided modes Emission to front (reflection) reduced Mertz, J Radiative abs.etc. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B. 17:1906–1913.

Shifting the Resonance Size Larger particles, higher modes contribute, each mode red-shifted Shape Elliptic shape, flatter particles have red-shifted resonance (and stronger coupling to guided modes?) Coating/substrate Resonance is given as a relative refraction index, changing surroundings changes resonance Arrays/clusters Loads of opportunities

How to Make? Requirements: Shape, size & position control + price Our hope: Deposit oxide + hydrogenation => hydrogen removes oxygen from structure, remaining metal forms nanoparticles. PLEASE HELP!

Thank you for your attention! - +