1970: General Law on Education made primary education free and mandatory for ages : only 8% of the national budget was spent on education, so there were inadequate facilities and low faculty salaries. The Roman Catholic Church and the Spanish government have long clashed over the education system. 40% of schools were private, half of these were run by the Roman Catholic Church. Private schools had better facilities and were highly regarded compared to the state-run schools. –“Elite education”EDUCATION ^Classroom in Cádiz, Spain

77-82: government subsidized private education –increased the appeal of private schools and decreased the quality of public schools. 1982: The socialist party integrated private and public education. –1984 Organic Law on Right to Education, established 3 categories of schooling: –Public schools: –free; ideologically neutral and religious tolerant. –Private schools: –organized by any person or group, funded by student families –Mixed schools: –usually religious, financed by the state, faculty and directors chosen by a committee, the “consejo escolar”, made up of community members. ^School Courtyard

Preschool: (up to age 6) –Public vs. private Primary School: (6 to 11) –General academics Secondary School: (12 to 16) –Optional –More general academics –Bachillerato exam Vocational Training- (for students who opted out of Secondary schools) –Applied vocations – clinical work or electronics –Once chosen, it is impossible to go to a university. Baccalaureate: (17 to 18) –Choose one: arts, humanities and social sciences, health sciences or technology. –1 year program to prepare for the university entrance exams University: (18+) –There are 59 universities in Spain. ^Catholic School in Cádiz, Spain

In 1980, children of parents with higher education were 28 times more likely to attend the universities. Today: university education is no longer the privilege of a small elite; by 1990 almost half the university students had parents with only elementary education. A majority of the universities are public and merit based. The Bachillerato promises any student who passes he or she will have a space in a university. Still, there’s a lack of scholarships and student subsidies, so they’re very expensive. ^Spanish Students

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION Typical of an advanced industrialized nation. –differences based on class, profession, and occupation. Growing middle class: administrators, service personnel and clerical workers Job distribution: –40% white collar workers - service workers –35% blue collar workers – industrial workers –25% rural workers – farm owners and workers Spanish farm

Income distribution: –Top quintile: 40% –Second quintile: 23.3% –Third quintile: 17.3% –Fourth quintile: 12.5% –Fifth quintile: 6.9%

Healthcare: –Free to those who are in the social security system, or in the EU –Private healthcare: 17% people, expensive –Public healthcare facilities are of high quality, one of the best in the world. 1942: Franco govt. – healthcare based on social security system –built hospitals 1986 General Health Law –reforms to encompass all workers paying social security –decentralized healthcare to regional areas. ^Hospital in Santa Maria

Problems: –Rural areas not as advanced –Nurses do not provide personal care –Waitlists can be related to wealth –Program only applies to healthcare, not dentistry, etc.