South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Columbia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela South America

Effects of Time Early Inhabitants Amerindians Incas First lived as nomadic tribes First people to cultivate cacao, chilies, corn, kidney and lima beans, potatoes, squash, tomatoes, and tobacco Incas Lived in the Andes in what is now Peru Cut terraces into steep hillsides and used irrigation canals to carry water to their crops No written language Google Images

Effects of Time Continued… Colonization Spanish and Portuguese-16th century Established plantations to grow sugar cane, tobacco, and other crops to export to Europe Brought millions of Africans to Latin America and forced them to work as slaves Strong African traditions Roman Catholic missionaries came to convert Indians to Christianity Established a new system of government Brought new languages Google Images

Overall Culture Main Ethnic Groups Languages Transportation Government Caucasian, African, and Indian Languages Spanish is official language in 9 countries Many Indians speak native languages Brazilians speak dialects of Portugal Religions Roman Catholic is most popular Protestant sects becoming more popular Other religions include Judaism, Hinduism, and native religions Transportation Airplanes are used for communication Long railways and paved roads Government Most countries use some form of a republic as government.

Overall Culture Continued… Agriculture Main food crops are maize, rice, wheat, beans and root crops such as cassava and potatoes. Major biological resource-anchovies Music Influenced by Native South Americans and the Spanish Songs usually about Earth, seasons, harvest time, love, family, children, and stars Different music for different occasions Instruments used include flutes, rattles, guitars, violins, and oboes. Popular styles of music include Waltzes, Tango, Salsa, and Soca Education More literate men than literate women More literacy in urban areas than in rural Argentina, Chile, Guyana, and Uruguay all have literacy rates greater than or equal to 96%.

Communication & Holidays Popular Gestures Be right back- draw a circle in air with index finger Sorry- stick out hand, as if to shake hands, and twist wrist as if waving Pointing- puckering or pursing of the lips Up the road- lift chin up Impolite Gestures Yawning, whistling, yelling to get someone's attention or pointing with the index finger Holidays Ano Nove- New Years Day Fireworks and live music Carnival Rio- 5 days up to Ash Wednesday Conga drums, costumes, group dancing, parades, parties, sambas, street parades, and music Christmas- December 24-25 Gift exchange and big meals Dia de le Raza- October 12 Celebrates discovery of Americas and ethnic mixing

SOUTH AMERICA’S CULTURE SPHERES

CULTURE SPHERES European-commercial The most “Latin” part of South America Includes the Pampas - temperate grasslands Economically most advanced Transportation networks and quality of life are excellent.

CULTURE SPHERES Amerind-subsistence Correlates with the former Inca Empire Feudal socioeconomic structure persists Includes some of South America’s poorest areas Subsistence agriculture must contend with difficult environmental challenges.

CULTURE SPHERES Tropical-plantation Resembles Middle America’s Rimland Locations, soils, & tropical climates favor plantation crops, especially sugar. Initially relied on African slave labor

Mestizo-transitional CULTURE SPHERES Mestizo-transitional Surrounds the Amerindian-subsistence region A zone of mixture- culturally & agriculturally Transitional -- economic connotations

CULTURE SPHERES Undifferentiated Characteristics are difficult to classify. Sparsely populated Isolation and lack of change- notable features Development of Amazonia may prompt significant changes.

SOUTH AMERICA’S CULTURE SPHERES Tropical-plantation European-commercial Amerind-subsistence Mestizo-transitional Undifferentiated

Argentina Government Economy Ethnic Groups Religions Languages Republic Economy Agriculture and Industry sunflower seeds, lemons, soybeans, grapes, corn, tobacco, peanuts, tea, wheat, livestock food processing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, textiles, chemicals and petrochemicals, printing, metallurgy, steel Ethnic Groups 97% white (Italian and Spanish) 3% mestizo, Amerindian, or non-white Religions 92% Roman Catholic (< 20% practicing) 2% Protestant 2% Jewish 4% Other Languages Spanish (Official) Italian, English, German, French http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Buenos_Aires-Puerto_Madero-Hilton-River_View.jpg

Bolivia Economy Ethnic Groups Agriculture and Industries Languages 30% Quechua, 30% mestizo 25% Aymara,15% white Languages Spanish, Quechua, Aymara All official Religions 95% Roman Catholic 5% Protestant Government Republic Economy Agriculture and Industries soybeans, coffee, coca, cotton, corn, sugarcane, rice, potatoes; timber mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverages, tobacco, handicrafts, clothing http://www.mayuc.com/images/bolivia-tiahuanaco_statues.jpg

Brazil Languages Government Ethnic Groups Economy Religion Portuguese (official) Spanish, English, French Government Federative Republic Economy Agriculture and Industries coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus; beef textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin, steel, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, other machinery and equipment Ethnic Groups 53.7% white and 6.2% black 38.5% mulatto (mixed white and black) 0.9% other and 0.7% unspecified Religion 73.6% Roman Catholic and 15.4% Protestant 1.3% Spiritualist and 0.3% Bantu/voodoo 1.8% other,0.2% unspecified and 7.4% none http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Gramado.7.jpg

Chile Government Economy Ethnic Groups Religion Languages Republic Agriculture and Industries Grapes, apples, pears, onions, wheat, corn, oats, peaches, garlic, asparagus, beans, beef, poultry, wool, fish and timber Copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel, wood and wood products, transport equipment, cement, textiles Ethnic Groups 95% white and white-Amerindian 3% Amerindian 2% other Religion 70% Roman Catholic, 15.1% Evangelical, 1.1% Jehovah’s Witness, and 1% other Christian 4.6% other 8.3% none Languages Spanish http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Torres1.jpg

Columbia Government Economy Ethnic Groups Religion Languages Republic where executive branch dominates governmental structure Economy Agriculture and Industries Coffee, cut flowers, bananas, rice, tobacco, corn, sugarcane, cocoa beans, oilseed, vegetables, forest products, and shrimp Textiles, food processing, oil, clothing, footwear, beverages, chemicals, cement, gold, coal, and emeralds Ethnic Groups 58% mestizo, 20% white, 14% mulatto, and 4% black 3% mixed black-Amerindian and 1% Amerindian Religion 90% Roman Catholic 10% other Languages Spanish http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lezo.jpg

Ecuador Government Economy Republic Agriculture and Industries Bananas, coffee, cocoa, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca), plantains, sugarcane, cattle, sheep, pigs, beef, pork, dairy products, balsa wood, fish and shrimp Petroleum, food processing, textiles, wood products, and chemicals Ethnic Groups 65% mestizo, 25% Amerindian 7% Spanish and others 3% black Religions 95% Roman Catholic 5% other Languages Spanish (official) Amerindian languages http://www.export.gov.il/Eng/_Uploads/3846ecuador.jpg

Paraguay Government Economy Ethnic Groups Religions Languages Constitutional republic Economy Agriculture and Industries Cotton, sugarcane, soybeans, corn, wheat, tobacco, cassava (tapioca), fruits, vegetables, beef, pork, eggs, mild, and timber Sugar, cement, textiles, beverages, wood products, steel, metallurgic, electric power Ethnic Groups 95% mestizo 5% other Religions 89.6% Roman Catholic, 6.2% Protestant, and 1.1% other Christian 1.9% other or unspecified 1.1% none Languages Spanish (official) Guarani (official) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Paraguay-001.jpg

Peru Economy Ethnic Groups Religions Government Languages Aymara and minor Amazonian languages Economy Agriculture and Industries Asparagus, coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, corn, plantains, grapes, oranges, coca, poultry, beef, dairy products, fish, and guinea pigs Mining and refining of minerals, steel, metal fabrication, petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas, fishing and fish processing, textiles, clothing, and food processing Ethnic Groups 45% Amerindian, 37% mestizo, and 15% white 3% black, Japanese, Chinese, or other Religions 81% Roman Catholic, 1.4% Seventh Day Adventist, and 1.4% other Christian 0.6% other 16.3% unspecified or none Government Constitutional republic Languages Spanish and Quechua (official) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Peru_Machu_Picchu_Sunrise_2.jpg

Uruguay Government Economy Constitutional republic Agriculture and Industries Rice, wheat, corn, barley, livestock, and fish Food processing, electrical machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products, textiles, chemicals, and beverages Ethnic Groups 88% white 8% mestizo 4% black Religions 66% Roman Catholic, 2% Protestant 1% Jewish 31% nonprofessing or other Languages Spanish and Portunol Brazilero (Portuguese-Spanish mix) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Playa_Pocitos.jpg

Venezuela Government Economy Ethnic Groups Religions Languages Federal republic Economy Agriculture and Industries Corn, sorghum, sugarcane, rice, bananas, vegetables, coffee, beef, pork, milk, eggs, and fish Petroleum, construction materials, food processing, textiles, iron ore mining, steel, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly Ethnic Groups Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, and indigenous people Religions 96% Roman Catholic and 2% Protestant 2% other Languages Spanish (official) Indigenous dialects http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Altamira.JPG

Effects of Other Nations Spanish and Portuguese Language and ethnic groups European countries Art, music, and clothing Other South American Countries Trade USA Lower-class clothing Africa Music and folktales Google Images