Florida Operations Level Hazardous Materials Training Unit 2.3 Health Effects

Florida Operations Level Hazardous Materials Training Program Key Terms q Toxicity  Ability of a substance to cause injury q Poison  Material that causes harm at low doses q Toxin  Product of a living organism q Toxicant  Man-made Unit 2.3  2

Florida Operations Level Hazardous Materials Training Program Types of Poisons Hemotoxins Necrotics Neurotoxins Asphyxiants – Simple displacement – Pathological Irritants CNS Pulmonary Cardio-Vascular Liver (hepatic) Kidney (renal) Blood & bone marrow GI tract Reproductive DNA & the protein synthesis process Unit 2.3  3

Florida Operations Level Hazardous Materials Training Program Types of Poisons q Nephrotoxins q Hepatotoxins q Mutagens q Tetratogens q Carcinogens CNS Pulmonary Cardio-Vascular Liver (hepatic) Kidney (renal) GI tract Reproductive DNA & the protein synthesis process Unit 2.3  4

Florida Operations Level Hazardous Materials Training Program Influences of Toxicity q Physical State q Solid Liquid Gas q Route of Exposure q Inhalation Size of material Solubility Fast absorption Unit 2.3  5

Florida Operations Level Hazardous Materials Training Program Influences on Toxicity q Routes of Exposure  Skin and Eye q Absorption Solubility of material Time of contact Slow route/good barrier q Ingestion Should not be a problem Systemic Direct damage to GI tract Unit 2.3  6

Florida Operations Level Hazardous Materials Training Program Influences on Toxicity q Routes of Exposure q Injection Enter through cuts or punctures High pressure q Duration of exposure q Dose of exposure Unit 2.3  7

Florida Operations Level Hazardous Materials Training Program Exposure Limits q TWA q Average of exposure for 8 hr day PEL  OSHA REL  NIOSH TLV  ACGIH q STEL  15 min q Ceiling Unit 2.3  8

Florida Operations Level Hazardous Materials Training Program Exposure Limits q LD (low) q LC (low) q LD 50 q LC 50 q IDLH  Applies to inhalation Unit 2.3  9

Florida Operations Level Hazardous Materials Training Program IDLH q Imediately Dangerous to Life and Health q Applies to inhalation q Other IDLH Flammable atmospheres Oxygen deficient environments Structural collapse hazards Active shooter situations Terrorist and secondary devices Unit 2.3  10

Florida Operations Level Hazardous Materials Training Program Influences on Toxicity q Individual sensitivities q Environmental factors q Chemical properties q Interspecies variation (e.g., health and age factors) Unit 2.3  11

Florida Operations Level Hazardous Materials Training Program Influences on Toxicity q Chemical combinations q Synergism = 3 q Potentiation = 2 q Antagonism = 0 Unit 2.3  12

Florida Operations Level Hazardous Materials Training Toxic Syndromes (Toxidromes)

Florida Operations Level Hazardous Materials Training Program Radiological Toxidrome q Alpha effects (α) q Beta effects (β) q Gamma effects (γ) q Neutron effects q 100 REM — Mild blood effects q 200 – 400 REM — GI tract effects q 600 – 800 REM — CNS effects Unit 2.3  14

Florida Operations Level Hazardous Materials Training Program Irritant Toxidrome q Irritants/choking agents q Cause irritation to skin, eyes, lungs q Water soluble vs. non water soluble q Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema Unit 2.3  15

Florida Operations Level Hazardous Materials Training Program Corrosive Toxidrome q Destroy tissue, eyes, skin, lungs q Water reactive q Acid q Coagulum necrosis q Alkali q Liquefaction necrosis q Management — Decon, BLS, irrigate eyes Unit 2.3  16

Florida Operations Level Hazardous Materials Training Program Asphyxiant Toxidrome q Asphyxiants q Affect whole body Simple — Displace oxygen Chemical (pathological) — Interferes with the body’s ability to use oxygen q Vesicants/blister agents q Cause tissue destruction/blisters Unit 2.3  17

Florida Operations Level Hazardous Materials Training Program Cholinesterase Toxidrome q Organophosphates, carbamates and nerve agents q Primarily nervous system effects q Highly toxic q SLUDGEM Unit 2.3  18

Florida Operations Level Hazardous Materials Training Program Biological Toxidrome q Toxins q Bacteria q Virus Unit 2.3  19

Florida Operations Level Hazardous Materials Training Program Care q Management — Recognition, decon, q BLS, ALS support q Antidotal therapy (FL protocols) q Definitive treatment occurs in a medical facility Unit 2.3  20

Florida Operations Level Hazardous Materials Training Program Sources of Information q Centers for Disease Control q Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Toxicological Profiles q Chemknowlege® q Wireless information q W.I.S.E.R. Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders Unit 2.3  21

Florida Operations Level Hazardous Materials Training Program Summary q Poisons and terminology q Factors influencing toxicity q Exposure limits q Toxidromes Unit 2.3  22