ILMC ILMC International Lead Management Center Inc.

ILMC Battery Design for Cleaner Production Joint Study Groups’ Workshop Recycling St Petersburg, September 2003 Brian Wilson

ILMC Early Beginnings Gaston Plante Leclanché

ILMC The Amazing Voltaic Battery

ILMC Lead Acid Batteries Powers the SLI Powers the SLI Stabilizes supply to car electrics Stabilizes supply to car electrics Standby Critical supplies during power outage Critical supplies during power outage Load switching Load switching Motive Powers electric vehicles & accessories Powers electric vehicles & accessories

ILMC Why Recycle? Creates JobsCreates Jobs Conserves Natural ResourcesConserves Natural Resources Reduces Energy ConsumptionReduces Energy Consumption Saves Clean Air and WaterSaves Clean Air and Water Does not use Landfill SpaceDoes not use Landfill Space Saves MoneySaves Money

ILMC Recycling Loop Production Manufacturing Recycling

Recycling Rates Batteries Newsprint Al Cans Glass Bottles % 37.9% 96.5% 63.5% 67.8%

ILMC 1 Plastic Container 2 Lead Plates 3 Plate Separators 4 Acid Electrolyte 5 Lead Terminals Battery Components ILMC

No adverse population exposures No adverse population exposures Minimal energy requirement. Minimal energy requirement. No environmental impact. No environmental impact. Ideal Materials Criteria Materials – reusable – recyclable Materials – reusable – recyclable No toxic or solid waste streams No toxic or solid waste streams

ILMC  Gelled Electrolyte  No Rubber or Metal cases The Ideal Design Plastic Case Material  Polypropylene Acid Electrolyte Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Aqueous Sulfuric Acid

ILMC  No Toxic Alloying Elements The Ideal Design  Pure Lead Oxide Lead Plates Pure Lead Grids Pure Lead Grids Paste

ILMC  No PVC The Ideal Design  No Scrap Lead or Bullion Lead Terminals  Pure Lead Plate Separators  Bio-degradable Porous Insulator

ILMC Easy to disassemble – this leads to:Easy to disassemble – this leads to: Do not design batteries that are:  Population exposure  environmental contamination Design Myth Products should be easy to disassemble!  backyard reconditioning

ILMC Eco Label Eco Label

ILMC The Way Forward Manufacturers & Recyclers should: Share their respective experiences Share their respective experiences Design batteries so that throughout the recycling loop there are real and sustainable improvements in Cleaner Production Design batteries so that throughout the recycling loop there are real and sustainable improvements in Cleaner Production