Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Chapter 19: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley This lecture will help you understand: Hydrocarbons Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Functional Groups Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers Amines and Alkaloids Carbonyl Compounds Polymers
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Organic Chemistry A branch of chemistry involving the study of carbon-containing chemical compounds.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 100,000 new ones each year Organic Chemistry Organic Compound: A carbon containing chemical compound natural synthetic Over 13 million known!
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Organic Chemistry Why is carbon so special?
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Organic Chemistry Why is carbon so special? Carbon atoms connect with one another through strong and stable covalent bonds.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Organic Chemistry CCC C C C NNN N N N OOO O O O SS S SS
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Organic Chemistry CCC C C C NNN N N N OOO O O O SS S SS 347 kJ/mol
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Organic Chemistry CCC C C C NNN N N N OOO O O O SS S SS 347 kJ/mol 159 kJ/mol
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Organic Chemistry CCC C C C NNN N N N OOO O O O SS S SS 347 kJ/mol 159 kJ/mol 138 kJ/mol
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Organic Chemistry CCC C C C NNN N N N OOO O O O SS S SS 347 kJ/mol 159 kJ/mol 138 kJ/mol 226 kJ/mol
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Organic Chemistry S S S S S S S S Sulfur, S 8
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Organic Chemistry S S S S S S S S Sulfur, S 8 More atoms of the same element bound together like this is rare…
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Organic Chemistry S S S S S S S S Sulfur, S 8 More atoms of the same element bound together like this is rare… …for every element except carbon….
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C Diamond
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Organic Chemistry Why is carbon so special? Carbon atoms connect with one another through strong and stable covalent bonds. Carbon atoms also readily form bonds with many other types of atoms. This provides for a near infinite number of different kinds of organic compounds.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Organic Chemistry To appreciate organic chemistry, please minimize memorization…
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon: A chemical compound containing only hydrogen and carbon.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Hydrocarbons
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Hydrocarbons Structural isomer: Molecules having the same molecular formula but different structures.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Hydrocarbons Structural isomer: Molecules having the same molecular formula but different structures.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Hydrocarbons Structural isomer: Molecules having the same molecular formula but different structures. “configurations”
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Hydrocarbons Structural isomer: Molecules having the same molecular formula but different configurations. Configuration: The specific way in which the atoms of a molecule are connected to one another.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Hydrocarbons Structural isomer: Molecules having the same molecular formula but different configurations. Configuration: The specific way in which the atoms of a molecule are connected to one another. “Configuration” = “Connectivity”
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley C 7 H 16 C 8 H 18 C 10 H 22 C 20 H 42 C 6 H 14 C 5 H , Formula Number of possible isomers
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Hydrocarbons Conformation: The spatial orientation of a single configuration.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Hydrocarbons Conformation: The spatial orientation of a single configuration. Rotate this bond
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Hydrocarbons Conformation: The spatial orientation of a single configuration.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Hydrocarbons Conformation: The spatial orientation of a single configuration. Like pivoting your arm at the elbow
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Hydrocarbons Conformation: The spatial orientation of a single configuration. These are two “conformations” of the same configuration.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley What is the chemical formula for the following structure? A.C 3 H 8 B.C 4 H 10 C.C 5 H 12 D.C 6 H 14 Hydrocarbons CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley What is the chemical formula for the following structure? A.C 3 H 8 B.C 4 H 10 C.C 5 H 12 D.C 6 H 14 Hydrocarbons CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley What is the chemical formula for the following structure? A.C 3 H 8 B.C 4 H 10 C.C 5 H 12 D.C 6 H 14 c c c c c Hydrocarbons CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley What is the chemical formula for the following structure? A.C 3 H 8 B.C 4 H 10 C.C 5 H 12 D.C 6 H 14 c c c c c H H H HH H H H H H H H Hydrocarbons CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley What is the chemical formula for the following structure? A.C 3 H 8 B.C 4 H 10 C.C 5 H 12 D.C 6 H 14 c c c c c H H H HH H H H H H H H Hydrocarbons CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Hydrocarbons
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Carbon always forms four bonds.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Carbon always forms four bonds.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Carbon always forms four bonds. Some of these bonds, however, may be within multiple bonds.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Carbon always forms four bonds. Some of these bonds, however, may be within multiple bonds.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated Hydrocarbon: A hydrocarbon containing one or more multiple bonds.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated Hydrocarbon: A hydrocarbon containing one or more multiple bonds. A special case of an unsaturated hydrocarbon is the benzene ring.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated Hydrocarbon: A hydrocarbon containing one or more multiple bonds. A special case of an unsaturated hydrocarbon is the benzene ring.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated Hydrocarbon: A hydrocarbon containing one or more multiple bonds. A special case of an unsaturated hydrocarbon is the benzene ring.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley What is the chemical formula for the following structure? A.C 5 H 10 B.C 5 H 12 C.C 6 H 12 D.C 6 H 14 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley What is the chemical formula for the following structure? A.C 5 H 10 B.C 5 H 12 C.C 6 H 12 D.C 6 H 14 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley What is the chemical formula for the following structure? A.C 5 H 10 B.C 5 H 12 C.C 6 H 12 D.C 6 H 14 c c c c c Unsaturated Hydrocarbons CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley What is the chemical formula for the following structure? A.C 5 H 10 B.C 5 H 12 C.C 6 H 12 D.C 6 H 14 c c c c c H H H HH H H H H H Unsaturated Hydrocarbons CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley What is the chemical formula for the following structure? A.C 5 H 10 B.C 5 H 12 C.C 6 H 12 D.C 6 H 14 c c c c c H H H HH H H H H H Unsaturated Hydrocarbons CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Functional Groups Heteroatom:Any atom other than hydrogen or carbon in an organic molecule.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Functional Groups Heteroatom:Any atom other than hydrogen or carbon in an organic molecule. Functional Group: A combination of carbon, hydrogen, and heteroatoms that behave as a single unit.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Functional Groups Heteroatom:Any atom other than hydrogen or carbon in an organic molecule. Functional Group: A combination of carbon, hydrogen, and heteroatoms that behave as a single unit. Organic molecules are classified by the functional groups they contain.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Functional Groups Heteroatom:Any atom other than hydrogen or carbon in an organic molecule. Functional Group: A combination of carbon, hydrogen, and heteroatoms that behave as a single unit. Organic molecules are classified by the functional groups they contain. For example…
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Functional Groups
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley In which of the following structures is carbon bonded five times? A.B.C.D. Functional Groups CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley A.B.C.D. Explanation: Carbon can never be bonded five times! In none of the above structures is carbon indicated to be bonded five times. Sorry for the trick question… In which of the following structures is carbon bonded five times? Functional Groups CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley A.B.C.D. In which of the following structures is carbon bonded five times? Functional Groups CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley A.B.C.D. Explanation: Carbon can never be bonded five times! Structure C, therefore, is NOT a plausible structure for any existing organic compound. In which of the following structures is carbon bonded five times? Functional Groups CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Alcohols Contain the Hydroxyl Group Hydroxyl Group
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Methanol (bp 65°C)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Ethanol (bp 78°C)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-Propanol (bp 97°C)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phenols Contain the Phenol Group Phenol
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phenols are acidic
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phenols are acidic
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phenols are acidic
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phenols are acidic H+H+
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phenols are acidic H+H+
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phenols are acidic H+H+
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phenols are acidic
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phenols are acidic
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phenols are acidic
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phenols are acidic
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phenols are acidic
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phenols are acidic
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 4-n-Hexylresorcinol
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Thymol
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Ethers contain an oxygen bonded to two carbons Ether Group
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Dimethyl ether (bp −25°C)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Dimethyl ether (bp −25°C) Ethanol bp 78°C
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Diethyl ether
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Amines and Alkaloids
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Amines form alkaline solutions Amine Group
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Ethyl amine
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Hydroxide ion
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Caffeine Phosphoric acid
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phosphoric acid Caffeine salt
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Phosphoric acid Caffeine salt Water soluble
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Which of the following compounds should have a higher boiling point? A.Structure A. B.Structure B. C.Both the same. D.No way to tell. N H O Structure AStructure B Amines and Alkaloids CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Which of the following compounds should have a higher boiling point? A.Structure A B.Structure B C.Both the same D.No way to tell Explanation: Structure B has a hydrogen attached to a strongly electronegative atom, nitrogen. This makes for a polar N—H bond that participates in hydrogen bonding. N H O Structure AStructure B Amines and Alkaloids CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Carbonyl Compounds
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Carbonyl A carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom Carbonyl
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Ketone Group
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Ketone Group Aldehyde Group
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Acetone
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley AcetoneAcetaldehyde
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley FormaldehydeAcetone
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Citral
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Cinnamonaldehyde
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Benzaldehyde
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Vanillin
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Amide Group
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide DEET
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Carboxyl group
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Salicylic acid
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Acetylsalicylic acid Aspirin
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Ester group
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Salicylic acid
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Salicylic acid H 2 SO 4 CH 3 OH
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Methyl salicylate (Wintergreen)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Penicillin
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley The amino acid lysine is shown below. What functional group must be removed in order to produce the very smelly amine cadaverine, which is 1,5-pentanediamine? A.The hydrogen (shown) must be removed and replaced with an amino (NH 2 ) group. B.Lysine is 1,5-pentanediamine. Nothing has to be removed. C.The carboxyl group must be removed and replaced with a hydrogen. D.One amino group must be removed and replaced with a hydrogen. Lysine Carbonyl Compounds CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley The amino acid lysine is shown below. What functional group must be removed in order to produce the very smelly amine cadaverine, which is 1,5-pentanediamine? A.The hydrogen (shown) must be removed and replaced with an amino (NH 2 ) group. B.Lysine is 1,5-pentanediamine. Nothing has to be removed. C.The carboxyl group must be removed and replaced with a hydrogen. D.One amino group must be removed and replaced with a hydrogen. Lysine Carbonyl Compounds CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers Polymer:A very long organic molecule made by the joining together of smaller organic molecule units known as monomers.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers Polymer:A very long organic molecule made by the joining together of smaller organic molecule units known as monomers. Monomer
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers Addition Polymer: A polymer whose mass is equal to the sum of the masses of the monomer units.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers Ethylene CC H H H H CC H H H H Addition Polymer: A polymer whose mass is equal to the sum of the masses of the monomer units.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers Ethylene CC H H H H CC H H H H Addition Polymer: A polymer whose mass is equal to the sum of the masses of the monomer units.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers Ethylene CC H H H H CC H H H H Addition Polymer: A polymer whose mass is equal to the sum of the masses of the monomer units.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers Ethylene H CC H H H CC H H H H Addition Polymer: A polymer whose mass is equal to the sum of the masses of the monomer units.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers Ethylene H CC H H H CC H HH H Addition Polymer: A polymer whose mass is equal to the sum of the masses of the monomer units.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers H CC H H CC H HH HH Addition Polymer: A polymer whose mass is equal to the sum of the masses of the monomer units.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers H CC H H CC H HH HH H CC H HH H CC H HH C H H H C H Addition Polymer: A polymer whose mass is equal to the sum of the masses of the monomer units.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers H CC H H CC H HH HH H CC H HH H CC H HH C H H H C H Addition Polymer: A polymer whose mass is equal to the sum of the masses of the monomer units.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers H CC H H CC H HH HH H CC H HH H CC H HH C H H H C H Ethylene Polyethylene C H H C H H
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers Propylene CC CH 3 H H H CC H H H Propylene
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers Polypropylene C H CC H H CC HH H H CC H HCH 3 CC HH H C HH H Propylene H C H C H CH 3
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers Condensation Polymer: A polymer formed when the joining of monomer units is accompanied by the loss of a small molecule, such as water.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Polymers CONSIDER THIS… Many of the natural product molecules synthesized by plants are formed by the joining together of isoprene monomers via an addition polymerization. A good example is the flavoring molecule citral, which is made of two isoprene units. Find and circle these units within the structure shown to the right. Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) Citral Polymers
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Many of the natural product molecules synthesized by plants are formed by the joining together of isoprene monomers via an addition polymerization. A good example is the flavoring molecule citral, which is made of two isoprene units. Find and circle these units within the structure shown to the right. Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) Citral Polymers
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Beta-carotene is a natural addition polymer made of eight isoprene units. Find and circle these units within the structure shown below. Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) Beta-carotene Polymers
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Beta-carotene is a natural addition polymer made of eight isoprene units. Find and circle these units within the structure shown below. Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) Beta-carotene Polymers