 Materially – high standard of living, ocean liners, cars, electricity  Secular outlook on life  Low death rate  Low infant mortality rate  European family pattern – smaller families  Growth of urban centers and urban life

 Immigration into various countries outside of Europe  Migration within Europe  Liberalism?

 Use of steam power  Growth of metallurgical industries  Advent of the railroad  Electricity  Internal combustion engine  Chemistry – creation of synthetic fibers  Germany, Britain and France – major industrial powers

 Advent of free trade  Buying more imports than what you export  British paid for imports with invisible exports – shipping and insurance  Export of European capital – investment of profits into other parts of the world instead of back to workers  Gold Standard – how did it affect debtor nations?  Limited liability corporation

 Established after loss in Franco Prussian War  Conservatives vs Republicans  Dreyfus Affair – bring down republic  Domestication of republicanism

 Advance toward an egalitarian political democracy very slow  Reform bill of 1832 – granted the right to vote to about 1/8 th of people  We will see Britain granting the right to vote to more and more people  We will also see the rise of British Labor and Labor party during this time period  Disraeli – Conservative  Gladstone – Liberals – abandoned laissez faire and active state intervention

 Kulturkampf – Battle against Catholics –uses liberals to wage “war”  Abandons liberals – drops free trade and uses Catholics  Repress socialism with active socialist legislation  Realpolitik?

 Rise and importance of labor unions  Come about due to the extension of suffrage to lower classes  British were most advanced in trade unionism  They brought into being and led the Labor Party – they will be less socialistic than labor parties on the continent

 Association with the crazy and violent Paris Commune  Many will not want to be associated with this

 Marxism will turn into parliamentary socialism  Belief that workers or unions could work with the state to improve working conditions/wages  Revisionist socialists – Marx might be wrong – class struggle might not be necessary  Capitalism can be transformed

 Charles Darwin – Origin of the species  Social darwinism  Changing views of Nature  Sigmund Freud – The Interpretation of dreams –  Impact on idea of rational individual  Einstein’s Theory of Relativity – matter was transmutable  Time, space and motion were not absolute in character, but relative

 Held a low opinion of modern democratic societies  Developed concept of superman – a new kind of noble being who would create new ethical values  Rejected qualities of humility, patience, hopefulness, hope and love  Encouraged qualities of danger, courage, intellectual excellence  Critique of reason and rationality

 Liberalism of John Locke, John Stuart Mill, - principle idea in liberty of the individual  Contributed to growth of women’s rights  Free trade  Parliamentary democracy  Eventually….universal male suffrage  What happened???

 Economic problems associated with capitalism leads to adoption of economic nationalism – tariffs, decline of free trade  Growth of welfare state – active state intervention

 Imperialism –  Causes –  Differences from earlier colonialism  Highest stage of capitalism?  Social Darwinism

 Sick Man of Europe – Ottoman empire falling apart and the “scramble” to get the scraps  Attempts at reform – Abdul Hamid – and backlash  Russian invasion – Berlin Congress – mediate balance of power  Egypt and the Suez Canal and British intervention and Egypt as protectorate

 Livingstone and Stanley and the Congo  Stanley and King Leopold and Congo  Berlin Congress of 1885 – rules of conquest  Friction between major powers – Fashoda Crisis between England and France  Boer War in South Africa

 British rule goes from India Company to direct rule

 Open Door Policy  Extraterritorial rights  Spheres of influence  Boxer Rebellion

 Meiji restoration kicks out imperialists  Japan becomes an imperialist nation itself  Russo Japanese war – win!