STATES of MATTER

KINETIC THEORY GAS PARTICLES ARE IN RANDOM MOTION GAS PARTICLES ARE IN RANDOM MOTION MOTION ENERGY IS CALLED KINETIC ENERGY (K. E.) KINETIC ENERGY PROPORTIONAL TO KELVIN TEMPERATURE KINETIC ENERGY PROPORTIONAL TO KELVIN TEMPERATURE

PHASE DIAGRAMS SHOWS 3 STATES OF SUBSTANCE TERMS OF TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE REGIONS ARE PURE PHASES LINES SHOW 2 PHASE COEXISTANCE

Water

Carbon Dioxide

NATURE OF GASES GAS PRESSURE PRESSURE PER UNIT AREA MEASURED BY A MANOMETER ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AMBIENT CONDITIONS VACUUM PRESSURE < ATMOSPHERIC

NATURE OF GASES BAROMETER MANOMETER TO MEASURE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE WILL VARY DUE TO WEATHER CONDITIONS

MANOMETER BAROMETER

CLOSED MANOMETER

OPEN MANOMETER

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT 1 ATMOSPHERE EQUALS Kilopascals (kPa) 14.7 Pounds/Square Inch (PSIA) 760 mm Hg inches Hg 33.9 feet of Water

NATURE OF LIQUIDS LIQUID PARTICLES CAN MOVE, WITH MUTUAL ATTRACTIONS LIQUID PARTICLES CAN MOVE, WITH MUTUAL ATTRACTIONS INTERMOLECULAR FORCES MORE DENSE THAN GASES NOT COMPRESSIBLE

NATURE OF LIQUIDS EVAPORATION HIGHER K.E. PARTICLES THAT BREAK AWAY FROM NON-BOILING LIQUID SURFACE MORE HEAT = MORE EVAPORATION HAS COOLING EFFECT HIGHER K.E. PARTRICLES LEAVE LOWER K.E. PARTICLES BEHIND

VAPOR PRESSURE IN A CONTAINER DURING EVAPORATION, COLLIDING PARTICLES ABOVE LIQUID CONDENSE WHEN RATE OF EVAPORATION = RATE OF CONDENSATION, EQUILIBRIUM IS REACHED THE EQUILIBRIUM IS CALLED VAPOR PRESSURE VAPOR PRESSUREVAPOR PRESSURE

NATURE OF LIQUIDS BOILING POINT TEMPERATURE AT WHICH VAPOR PRESSURE EQUALS EXTERNAL OR ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE BOILING POINT INCREASES AS EXTERNAL PRESSURE INCREASES

VAPOR PRESSURE vs. TEMPERATURE

NATURE OF SOLIDS PARTICLE M M M M M OOOO VVVV EEEE MMMM EEEE NNNN TTTT VERY LIMITED STRONG INTERMOLECULAR FORCES VIBRATE AROUND A FIXED POINT HIGHER DENSITIES THAN LIQUIDS NOT COMPRESSIBLE

NATURE OF SOLIDS MELTING POINT TEMPERATURE AT WHICH DISRUPTIVE VIBRATIONS > INTERMOLECULAR FORCES PROCESS IS REVERSIBLE FREEZING POINT

NATURE OF SOLIDS MELTING POINT IONIC SOLIDS MELTI NG POINTS > MOLECULAR SOLIDS SOME SOLIDS DECOMPOSE INSTEAD OF MELTING WOOD, SUGAR, TEFLON

NATURE OF SOLIDS CRYSTALS PARTICLES ARRANGED IN PATTERN THREE DIMENSIONAL, REPEATING PATTERN CALLED CRYSTAL LATTICE CRYSTAL LATTICECRYSTAL LATTICE SHAPE DEPENDS ON ARRANGEMENT MELTING POINT BASED ON TYPE OF BONDING

NATURE OF SOLIDS ALLOTROPES 2 or MORE FORMS OF SAME ELEMENT IN THE SAME STATE CARBONDIAMONDGRAPHITEFULLERENES

DIAMOND

GRAPHITE

FULLERENES (BUCKYBALLS)

NATURE OF SOLIDS AMORPHOUS SOLIDS LACK INTERNAL ORDER Examples: RUBBER, PLASTIC, GLASS MAY NOT HAVE DEFINITIVE MELTING POINT

SUBLIMATION SOLIDS ALSO HAVE A VAPOR PRESSURE SOME SOLIDS’ VAPOR PRESSURE HIGH ENOUGH TO ALLOW TRANSITION FROM SOLID DIRECTLY TO GAS