Social and Political Organization + History of Roma in Europe PhDr. Martina Kalinova / 2006 Terminology & Theories not unified, not consistent: a) multidisciplinary topic b) many opinions,streams (GB/ USA/ France) c) sensitive, emotive topic d) “in”, “in fashion” topic

1. Social and Political Organization culture: traditional × (post) modern - social × political – (hierarchy,family,tribe) (ethnicity,nation,state) culture of poverty

Social Organization a) History – India, castes b) Internal organization of a caste c) Hierarchy in Romani nation d) Hierarchy in a tribe (subgroup), endogamy e) Hierarchy in a family Kinship

Political Organization a) Ethnic/ Nation/al group (Race) - different situation b) State – Romanestan Political aspiration

Majority attitudes Tendency to: Mix social & political features Depreciate Confuse minority groups (names,origin, etc.)

Roma, Gypsies, Travellers 1) Travelling Romani groups 2) Ethnic Non-romani travelling groups 3) “Social” travelling groups 4) Sedentary Romani groups 5) Sedentary ethnic Non-romani travelling groups

Identity Relationship with majority Social (family,subgroup,Roma – nation/ethnic group,regional) Political (citizenship,state nation, Romani nation,EU) Plurality of identities

History of Roma in Europe 5. – 10. Century: Arrival from contemporary India Spread around Europe Egyptian pilgrims’ myth 16 th Century: Fear – torture,expulsion (colonies) Enlightenment, romanticism 19 th Century: Industrial revolution, paternalism

History of Roma in Europe World War I 1920, 1930: Repressions (ID cards etc.) World War II: Genocide of Roma and Sinti,participants in fights 1950: Denial of Romani genocide, camps, Cold War – East × West 1960: Romani emancipation,fight for travelling,historiography of porrajmos 1990: End of Cold War,deterioration,EU