Human Body Chapters 13-16

Levels of Organization in Humans

Human Organ Systems Skeletal System Muscular System Circulatory System Respiratory System Digestive System Nervous System Reproductive System Endocrine System Integumentary System Excretory System Lymphatic/Immune System

Skeletal System Structures: Bones, Cartilage, Ligaments, tendons Functions: Supports the body, protects internal organs, allows movement, stores mineral reserves, provides a site for blood cell formation

The skeleton makes up the general framework of the body The skeleton makes up the general framework of the body. It is composed of 206 named bones of various shapes and sizes. Strong bands of connective tissue called ligaments hold the bones together. Between many of the bones there are pads of firm, smooth, slightly elastic connective tissue called cartilage. The cartilage works to cushion the ends of the bones where they bump together at a joint. Bones are alive and continue to grow until about age 25. They are hard due to the high concentration of certain minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. All of the minerals, which the body needs for bone growth or repair, are found in food. bcms.leesummit.k12.mo.us/sreece/bonyben.htm homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/bones/Default.htm

Human Joints The joint is the place where two bones meet. There are two types of joints: immovable joints and movable joints. Immovable joints do not permit any movement of the bones. The suture joints of the skull and the fused bones of the sacrum and coccyx are examples of this type of joint. Movable joints allow the body to move depending on the type of joint will determine how the joint will move.

Movable Joints Hinge joints ball-and-socket joints pivot joint found in knee and elbow permit back and forth motion in only one direction. ball-and-socket joints The hip and shoulder joints They permit nearly a full range of motion. pivot joint The joint at the base of the skull It allows movement of the head in a circular motion. gliding joints The joints of the wrist and ankle. The many small bones found in the wrist and ankle move slightly over one another permitting movement to occur.

ASIMO = Advanced Steps In Mobility http://asimo.honda.com/default.aspx

Muscular System Structures: Skeletal Muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle Function: Works with skeletal system to produce voluntary movement, helps to circulate blood and move food through the digestive system

http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week10/08muscularsystem.html

homepage.smc.edu/.../anatomy1/1muscles.html

Circulatory System Structures: heart, blood vessels, blood Function: Brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, fights infections, removes cell wastes, helps to regulate body temperature

Blood flows through the right atrium into the right ventricle. Blood Flow through the Heart Oxygen-poor blood (shown in blue) flows from the body into the right atrium. Blood flows through the right atrium into the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs, where the blood releases waste gases and picks up oxygen. The newly oxygen-rich blood (shown in red) returns to the heart and enters the left atrium. Blood flows through the left atrium into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body. www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/eheart/human.html

Respiratory System Structures: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs Function: Provides oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes excess carbon dioxide from the body

One of the main jobs of the cardiovascular system is to deliver oxygen (O2) to the body. As our bodies work, it uses up oxygen, replacing it with carbon dioxide (CO2).

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in our lungs The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in our lungs. The blood that reaches our lungs has a lot more CO2 than O2. But the air in our lungs normally has a lot more O2 than CO2. Because of this large difference, blood naturally drops of CO2 in our lungs, and picks up O2.

How does this happen? It happens because the pressure of O2 in our capillaries as it travels through our lungs is lower than the pressure of O2 in our lungs. Since high pressure gases want to travel into areas of low pressure, O2 naturally moves from our lungs into our blood.

The reverse is true for CO2. The pressure of CO2 in our capillaries is higher than the pressure of CO2 in our lungs, so CO2 naturally travels from our blood and into our lungs.

This gas exchange occurs in sacs called alveoli. The lung is made of two large sacks, which is divided and folded into much smaller pouches and sacs. Each sac is connected to a tube called bronchi. The bronchi are connected to our mouth through another tube called the trachea.

As we breath, air enters our nose and mouth, travels down the trachea, and into the lungs through the bronchi. Just like our arteries, the bronchi further divide into smaller tubes called bronchioles. The bronchioles end in the alveoli. Alveoli are surrounded by capillaries, so the exchange of gases occur through very thin wall vessels.

Air enters our lungs through pressure changes Air enters our lungs through pressure changes. When we inhale, the muscles on our ribs and our diaphragm contract, expanding our chest. When our chest expands, the air pressure in our lungs drop, pulling air into our lungs. When we relax our muscles, elastic cartilage pulls our ribs in, pushing the air out of our lungs. http://www.starsandseas.com/SAS%20Physiology/Cardiovascular/Cardiovascular.htm

Digestive System Structures: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum Functions: Converts food into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body, absorbs food, eliminates wastes

Nervous System Structures: Brain, spinal cord. Peripheral nerves Functions: Recognizes and coordinates the body’s responses to changes in its internal and external environments

Reproductive Systems Structures: Males-Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, and penis Females-Ovaries, Fallopian tubes uterus, vagina Functions: Produces reproductive cells Males-sperm Females- eggs, also nurtures and protects developing embryo Stages development Sperm & egg unite during fertilization to create a zygote- blastocyst – embryo- fetus- Infant

Endocrine System Structures: Glands- Hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries (females), testes (males) Function: Controls growth, development, and metabolism, maintains homeostasis

Male on left and female on right Pineal gland, 2. Pituitary gland, 3. Thyroid gland, 4. Thymus, 5. Adrenal gland, 6. Pancreas, 7. Ovary, female only 8.Testis, male only

Integumentary System Structures: Skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands Functions: Serves as a barrier to regulate body temperatures, provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun

Excretory System Structures: Skin, Lungs, kidneys, ureters, urinary, bladder, urethra Functions: Eliminates waste products from the body in ways that maintain homeostasis

Lymphatic/immune System Structures: White blood cells, thymus, spleen lymph nodes, lymph vessels Functions: Helps protect the body from disease. Collects fluid lost from blood vessels and returns the fluid to the circulatory system

The lymphatic system The lymphatic system is part of the immune system, which defends the body against infection. The lymphatic system is a network of small lymph nodes connected by very thin lymph vessels, which branch into every part of the body except the brain and spinal cord.

The major nodes can be found in the neck, armpits, chest, abdomen, pelvis and groin. Other parts of the lymphatic system include the spleen, thymus and bone marrow. A clear fluid called lymph flows through the lymph vessels. It contains white blood cells called lymphocytes, special proteins called antibodies, and some waste products. Lymphocytes and antibodies are important parts of your body's immune system. The lymph fluid passes through the lymph nodes, which filter out bacteria and other harmful things