Chapter 7 “___________ is the KEY for MEMORY” Qz. #4 pages System that allows for retention of what is learned

Ten Principles of Memory F _________________________ F Get the info __________ the 1st time F Be sure you fully understand F Try to see the significance of what you’re learning F Involve your __________, if possible F ____________ new material with related facts you know F _______________ the material so that it can be stored F If there is a basis for doing so, divide and ___________ F Reinforce what you’ve learned through ____________ F_____________often !

Three Kinds of Memory 1.Episodic – memories of _____________experience 2.Semantic – general knowledge or memory for facts 3. Procedural or ___________– memory for skills Episodic – Do you remember your first interaction with a personal computer? Semantic – Do you know the meaning of personal computer? Procedural or Implicit– Are you fluent in the use of a personal computer?

___________ __________ System for remembering in which items are related to easily recalled sets of symbols, such as acronyms, phrases, or jingles “i” before “e” except after “c” “Be, all that you can be!” “Like a Rock” “Every Good Boy Does Fine!” EXAMPLES

Which is involved? 1.First Kiss 10.Use a computer 2.Riding a bike 11.Spell C-A-T 3.Walking through a maze 12.Driving a car 4.List the 50 states 13.H²0 5.Define Memory 14.Describe a fight to someone 6.Cut and Paste an art project 15.First day in high school 7.Writing notes off an overhead 8.Formula for classical conditioning 9.Witness a car accident

Three Processes of Memory._________________ 1._________________ - modifying information so that it can be placed in memory a. ____________________ code b. acoustic code c. ____________________ code 2. _______________ 2. _______________ - maintenance of information over time a.maintenance a.maintenance ___________________ (157) b.__________________________rehearsal c.organizational c.organizational systems (superordinate & subordinate) 3.__________________- 3.__________________- location of stored information and its return to consciousness a.proper a.proper cues b.context-dependent b.context-dependent memory c.state-dependent c.state-dependent memory

ENCODING STORING RETRIEVING

1. Sensory Memory - the type or stage of memory first encountered by a stimulus. Sensory memory holds impressions briefly, but long enough so that series of perceptions are psychologically continuous. ______________________ Eye Movement Memory trace Sensory __________________  Iconic memory  _____________ memory Three Stages of Memory

3 Stages of Memory

2. Short Term Memory (STM) ____________________________________– the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series.  _________________ EFFECT – the tendency to recall the initial items in a series of items.  _________________ EFFECT – the tendency to recall the last items in a series of items. [ 7+/-2 - about 1 min.]

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Short Term Memory (STM) Pages OTHER KEY TERMS: ___________________– a mental process for organizing information into meaningful units, or “chunks,” (162) ___________________– the process that occurs when new information appears in short-term memory and replaces what was already there

INTERFERENCE THEORY We may forget stored material because other learning interferes with it _________________Interference - forget the ________ because of the new Proactive Interference - forget the new because of the old Provide a few examples

3. Long Term Memory Pages ______________________– an idea or mental framework that helps one to organize and interpret information: a way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or expectation, that can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations _____________________– based on the piecing together of memory fragments with general knowledge rather than a precise picture of the past

Article: “Emotions influence memory, learning” – Nov. 7, 2002 Activity: “At the Scene of the Crime” Article: “Memory: The Unreliable Witness”

“THREE is still the KEY for MEMORY” SECTION 4: FORGETTING & MEMORY IMPROVEMENT (Pages )

In order to study FORGETTING 1 st We need to know what ______________ syllables are. (page167) 2 nd We need to know what the three basic memory tasks are. (page 167) 3 rd How are nonsense syllables and the three memory tasks related? Remember, 3 is the key

Meaningless sets of two _____________, with a _________ sandwiched in between, that are used to study memoryMeaningless sets of two _____________, with a _________ sandwiched in between, that are used to study memory 1 st We need to know what nonsense syllables are. (page167)

Three Memory Tasks A. Recognition – the easiest memory task, involving identification of objects or events encountered before B. Recall – retrieval and reconstruction of learned material a. ___________ associates – nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall C. Relearning – a measure of retention; material is usually relearned more quickly than it is learned initially a. ______________________ & savings 2 nd We need to know what the three basic memory tasks are. (page167)

Different Kinds of Forgetting (page 169) Interference – information takes the place of what is already there Retroactive interference – forget the old because of the new Proactive interference – forget the new because of the old – the fading away of a memory – pushing disturbing memories out of our consciousness (the ejection of anxiety producing stimuli from conscious awareness) Amnesia Infantile amnesia Anterograde amnesia Retrograde amnesia

Amnesia Infantile or Childhood Amnesia State reasons for childhood amnesia PPsychoanalytic, biological & cognitive explanations Check textbook (pages ) What is your earliest memory? How old were you?

Anterograde Amnesia Retrograde Amnesia Failure to remember events that occur AFTER physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma Failure to remember events that occur prior (retro = old) to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma

Improving Memory Drill & Practice Relate to Things You Already Know Form Unusual Associations Construct Links Use Mnemonic Devices