 Learning that has persisted over time; it is information that has been acquired, stored, and can be retrieved.

Encoding: processing of information Storage: retaining information over time Retrieval: getting it out of storage

Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory Outdated, but still a useful starting point

 Iconic— 250 milliseconds  Echoic— 2 seconds  Tactile  Taste  Olfaction  Holds sensory information in the raw, unprocessed form  If we attend to it, it is encoded in short- term memory

 Uncertain conclusions— verbal information an image others believe it is something more abstract  Rule of 7  Info is gone in seconds if not attended to.  Connection b/w sensory and LTM  “Sometimes google replaces rehearsal”

 Memory occurs in the synapse via neural connections  LTP—Long term potentiation  Hippocampus

 Automatic processing Describe your day so far… Parallel processing Implicit memories (non- declarative) Meditation  Effortful processing Explicit memories (declarative) What you do all of the time for school

 Parallel processing— dejavu (theory)  Working memory getting mixed up w/ automatic processing

Chunking Spacing Effect Testing Effect— practice recall Serial Position Effect  Primacy effect  Recency effect Mnemonic devices  Peg word system  Roy G. Biv  Hierarchies (i.e. text structures )

 Semantic encoding  Personal connection  Shallow = writing things down w/out thinking about them

 Demonstration #1 Two groups Whatever group remembers the most words wins.  Demonstration #2 Remember the list of words in order Two rounds

 Rehearsal—Verbal Best for phone #s, passwords, SS #s, learning alphabet, etc…  Elaboration—visual (or otherwise) connection to something you already know  1) Relatively permanent  2) Assumed to be unlimited  3) Contains different types of memories

 1) Explicit (Declarative) Semantic—meaning Episodic—personal Write an example of each memory in your notes  2) Implicit—unaware of retrieval (nondeclarative) Procedural--(i.e., riding a bike, tying shoes, etc…) Emotional—love, hate, fear, anxiety, etc…

 Hippocampus /Frontal Lobe= explicit/declarative  Cerebellum/basal ganlia /Amygdala= implicit/ nondeclarative  Figure 32.5 in text

ANTEROGRADE AMNESIARETROGRADE AMNESIA  Inability to transfer new information from short-term into long term  Clive Wearing Clive Wearing  50 First Dates  Memento  Inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation  Bourne movies  The Vow

 Recall  Recognition  Relearning— Ebbinghaus  Priming— unconscious associations

ENCODING SPECIFICITY PRINCIPLE  Context matters!  State dependent memory  This is why you stare at me while taking a test sometimes  Don’t study in your bed!!!!!  Method of Loci— “mental walk”

1) Transience Proactive interference— when information learned earlier impairs memory for information acquired later. Retroactive interference— when information learned later impairs memory for information acquired earlier P: proactive O: old R: retroactive N: new

2) Absentmindedness—lapse of attention results in memory failure

3) Blocking—failure to retrieve information that is available—tip of the tongue phenomenon “it starts with…”

4 ) Memory misattribution—assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source, aka…source amnesia  false memories false memories

 Try to remember as many as you can of list of words I read aloud to you.

#5) Suggestibility—the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections  false memories false memories  1992: El AL cargo Plane, Amsterdam  New Jersey SC New Jersey SC  Elizabeth Loftus—TED Elizabeth Loftus—TED  Eyewitness Testimony Eyewitness Testimony

#6) Bias—distortion of memories due to present knowledge/beliefs/feelings  We remember the good and forget the bad  We like to think of ourselves as consistent so we diminish the memory of change in ourselves—cognitive dissonance  Confirmation Bias

#7) Persistence—the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget, usually tied to a heightened level of emotion Embarrassing MomentsFlashbulb Memories

 Alfred Adler Present determines past What is your earliest memory—write it down or draw it in detail…  Are memories based on present mood and situation?

 Autobiographical Memory Autobiographical Memory

 What does it mean to lose your memory? Are you still the same person to yourself and to others? Do you still have your identity?