Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior 2e Charles T. Blair-Broeker Randal M. Ernst

Variations in Individual and Group Behavior Domain

Psychological Disorders Chapter

Dissociative, Schizophrenia, and Personality Disorders Module 31

Clarify Dissociation is not the same as psychosis. Dissociation involves breaking away from the sense of self, either by losing memory and identity or by adding personalities. Psychosis involves a break with reality, believing things that are untrue, or having hallunciations about things that aren’t there.

Dissociative Disorders Module 31: Dissociative, Schizophrenia, and Personality Disorders

Dissociative Disorders Disorders in which the sense of self has become separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, or feelings

Types of Dissociative Disorders Three main types: –Dissociative Amnesia –Dissociative Fugue –Dissociative Identity Disorder

Dissociative Disorders

Dissociative Disorders: Dissociative Amnesia Module 31: Dissociative, Schizophrenia, and Personality Disorders

Dissociative Amnesia A dissociative disorder characterized by loss of memory in reaction to a traumatic event Example: soldiers in combat –Young man in a boat wreck; only survivor; traumatic and so losses memory of incident.

Dissociative Disorders: Dissociative Fugue (fUge) Module 31: Dissociative, Schizophrenia, and Personality Disorders

Dissociative Fugue A dissociative disorder characterized by loss of identity and travel to a new location –From the same root word as fugitive. The person may develop a new identity and begin a new life. –Can last a few hours, months or even years. –Unconscious response to stress (as with other dissociative disorders)

Dissociative Disorders: Dissociative Identity Disorder Module 31: Dissociative, Schizophrenia, and Personality Disorders

Dissociative Identity Disorder Rare and controversial dissociative disorder in which an individual experiences two or more distinct and alternating personalities Formerly called multiple personalities –Before the 1970s fewer than 100 cases had ever been reported. –In the 1980s alone, reports of more than 20,000 diagnosed cases appeared, almost all of them in North America

Controversy Psychologists debate whether is really exists. Are today’s clinicians simply more knowledgeable and willing to make a diagnosis? Are there better diagnostic rules (thus reducing the number of cases that were misdiagnosed as other things, like schizophrenia)? Skeptics believe the power of suggestion has been at work. Clinicians (who have read about the disorder) may be unintentionally suggesting multiple personalities to their clients.

Dissociative Identity Disorder Personalities can be different ages, sex, and self perception of characteristics Three Faces of Eve Sybil

Dissociative Identity Disorder Insert “Multiple Personality Disorder” Video #31 from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the ‘Readme’ file on the CD-ROM. This same clip is on the Brain Series. Oprah - Jani

Dissociative Identity Disorder Many videos on Learner, all three sites. Oprah: Art Therapy and Dissociative Identify Disorder; Kim Noble;

Schizophrenia Disorders Module 31: Dissociative, Schizophrenia, and Personality Disorders

Schizophrenia Group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions Is not one disorder but a family of disorders Is not “split personality” Occurs in about 1% of the population

Schizophrenia Play “Schizophrenia: Symptoms” (5:39) Module #26 from The Brain: Teaching Modules (2 nd edition).

Schizophrenia Disorders: Symptoms of Schizophrenia Module 31: Dissociative, Schizophrenia, and Personality Disorders

Symptoms of Schizophrenia Symptoms of schizophrenia include: –Delusions (false beliefs) –Hallucinations (false perceptions) –Inappropriate emotions or behaviors –Perhaps the most frightening & most misunderstood psychological disorder. –“Schiz” means split, but not slit from personality; it’s a split from reality –Affects 1% of the world’s population; typically develops in late adolescence or early adulthood and strikes men at a slightly greater rate than women.

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Delusions False beliefs that are symptoms of schizophrenia and other serious psychological disorders Four major types of delusions: –Grandeur –Persecution –Sin or guilt –Influence

Delusions of Grandeur False beliefs that a person is more important than they really are Patients may believe they are a famous person (e.g. Napoleon)

Delusions of Persecution False beliefs that people are out to get the person Believe they are being followed, the phone is wiretapped, etc.

Delusions of Sin or Guilt False beliefs that the person is responsible for some misfortune –Plane crash because you didn’t brush your teeth

Delusions of Influence False beliefs of being controlled by outside forces –“the devil made me do it”

Hallucinations False perceptions that are symptoms of schizophrenia or other serious psychological disorders Types of hallucinations: –Auditory (hearing voices) –Visual (seeing things) –Tactile (feeling skin sensations) Can also have distorted smell and taste

Inappropriate Emotions/Behaviors Flat affect – showing little or no emotional response Word salad – nonsense talk Waxy flexibility – the person’s arms and legs will remain in place after being moved there Inappropriate actions – speaking too loudly or engaging in odd mannerisms

Schizophrenia Disorders: Types of Schizophrenia Module 31: Dissociative, Schizophrenia, and Personality Disorders

Types of Schizophrenia

Paranoid Schizophrenia Characterized by delusions, especially grandeur and persecution. Auditory and other hallucinations support the delusions. A Beautiful Mind

Catatonic Schizophrenia Characterized by variations in voluntary movement Catatonic excitement – rapid movements with delusions and hallucinations Catatonic stupor – little or no activity, movement, or speech (waxy flexibility)

Disorganized Schizophrenia Characterized by bizarre behavior, delusions, and hallucinations. Very disturbed thought and language (word salad)

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia Symptoms that don’t clearly fit into one of the other types of schizophrenia but still show clear symptoms of schizophrenia

Schizophrenia in the Real World Play “Cop Psychiatrists” (10:30) Segment #32 from Scientific American Frontiers: Video Collection for Introductory Psychology (2 nd edition).

Schizophrenia Disorders: Causes Module 31: Dissociative, Schizophrenia, and Personality Disorders

Schizophrenia Play “Schizophrenia: Etiology” (14:45) Module #27 from The Brain: Teaching Modules (2 nd edition).

Biological Factors - Genetics Schizophrenia tends to run in families. Genetics appears to produce a predisposition (increased likelihood) to develop schizophrenia. Genain Quadruplets

Genetics and Schizophrenia

Biological Factors – Brain Structure Brain structure of those with schizophrenia is different than the normal brain Those with schizophrenia have smaller amounts of brain tissue and larger fluid filled spaces. The thalamus is smaller in those with schizophrenia.

Biological Factors – Brain Function The brain of those with schizophrenia operates differently than the normal brain. The frontal lobes show less activity. Those with schizophrenia have a larger number of receptor sites for the neurotransmitter dopamine.

Biological Factors – Brain Function

Schizophrenia Insert “The Schizophrenic Brain” Video #29 from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the ‘Readme’ file on the CD-ROM.

Biological Factors – Prenatal Viruses A viral infection during the middle of pregnancy may increase schizophrenia risk.

Psychological Factors Two main areas: –Stress –Disturbed family –It’s unclear whether these are causes or consequences of schizophrenia.

Personality Disorders Module 31: Dissociative, Schizophrenia, and Personality Disorders

Personality Disorders Psychological disorders characterized by rigid and lasting behavior patterns that disrupt social functioning Divided into three clusters: –Related to anxiety –With odd and eccentric behaviors –With dramatic or impulsive behaviors

Difficult to Diagnose Behaviors are rigid (not flexible) and enduring. Where should the line be drawn between eccentric, anxious, and odd & having a personality disorder? How might treatment for a personality disorder be difficult?

Personality Disorders

Personality Disorders Related to Anxiety Module 31: Dissociative, Schizophrenia, and Personality Disorders

Avoidant Personality Disorder So sensitive about being rejected that personal relationships become difficult

Dependent Personality Disorder Behave in clingy, submissive ways and displays a strong need to have others take care of them

Personality Disorders with Odd or Eccentric Behaviors Module 31: Dissociative, Schizophrenia, and Personality Disorders

Paranoid Personality Disorder Shows deep distrust of other people, which gets in the way of personal relationships

Schizoid Personality Disorder Is detached from social relationships Are true hermits, preferring life alone and avoiding intimate interactions at all costs

Personality Disorders with Dramatic or Impulsive Behaviors Module 31: Dissociative, Schizophrenia, and Personality Disorders

Borderline Personality Disorder Exhibit instability of emotions, self- image, behavior, and relationships

Antisocial Personality Disorder Personality disorder in which the person shows a lack of conscience for wrongdoing Shows no respects for the rights others Usually male; can be very charming Also known as psychopathic or sociopathic personality disorder –Think Silence of the Lamb

The Antisocial Personality Disorder Insert “The Mind of the Psychopath” Video #30 from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the ‘Readme’ file on the CD-ROM. This video clip is also part of The Mind series segment.

The Mind of the Psychopath Play “The Mind of the Psychopath” (18:39) Segment #35 from The Mind: Psychology Teaching Modules (2 nd edition). Parts of this video clip are included in the Worth Digital Media Archive CD- ROM.

The End