Reporting Category 5

 Homo sapiens emerged in East Africa between 100,000 & 400,000 years ago.  Homo sapiens migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas  Early humans were hunter-gatherers whose survival depended on wild plants and animals

 Mesopotamia: Euphrates & Tigris River Valley (Southwest Asia)  Egypt: Nile River Valley and Nile Delta (Africa)  India: Indus River Valley (South Asia – Indian Subcontinent)  China: Huang He (Yellow) River These river valleys offered Rich soil and irrigation water for agriculture, and they tended to be in locations easily protected from invasion by nomadic people.

 Hebrews settled between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River Valley  Phoenicians settled along the Mediterranean coast  Nubia was located on the Nile River, South of Egypt.

Dardanelles Black Sea Macedonia Asia Minor

ECONOMIC & SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT  Agriculture (limited arable land suitable for farming)  Commerce and the spread of Hellenistic Culture  Shift from barter (trading) to money economy (use of coins)  Mountainous terrain both helped and hindered the development of city-states  Greek cities were designed to promote civic & commercial life  Colonization was prompted by overpopulation and the search for arable land

 Centrally located in the Italian peninsula  Alps: provided physical barrier and protection to the North  Mediterranean Sea: Provided protection as a natural barrier and provided seaborne commerce & trade

 Protection of the Eastern Frontier  Far away from the Germanic Tribes attacking the Western Empire  Crossroads of Trade  Easily fortified site on a peninsula border by natural harbors

 Diffusion along trade routes from Mecca to Medina  Expansion despite great distances, desert environments, & mountain barriers  Spread into Fertile Crescent, Iran, & Central Asia was helped along by a weak Persian & Byzantine Empires

 Political Unity of the first Muslim Empire was short lived  Arabic Language spread with Islam and facilitated trade across Islamic lands  Slavery was not based on race

 Angles & Saxons migrated from continental Europe to Great England  Magyars migrated from Central Asia to Hungary  Vikings migrated from Scandinavia to Russia

 Manors and Castles provided protection from invasions, reinforcing the feudal system  Invasions disrupted trade, led to the decline of trade, and caused the influence of the church to decline.

 Silk Road: China to Mediterranean Basin  Maritime Routes in Indian Ocean  Trans-Saharan trade routes in N. Africa  Northern Europe and the Black Sea  Western Europe trade by sea and river

MAYAN CIVILIZATIONAZTEC CIVILIZATION  Located in Mexican & Central American Rain Forests  Represented by the city of Chichen Itza  City States ruled by Kings  Economy based on Agriculture & Trade  Polytheistic Religion: Pyramids  Located in Central Mexico: Arid Valley  Represented by city of Tenochtitlan  Ruled by Emperor  Economy based on Agriculture and tributes from conquered peoples  Polytheistic: Pyramids, Rituals (sacrifices)

INCAN CIVILIZATION MESO-AMERICAN ACHIEVEMENTS  Located in the Andes mountains of South America  Represented by the city of Machu Picchu  Ruled by an Emperor  Economy based on high altitude farming (terrace farming)  Polytheistic  System of Roads  Calendars  Mathematics  Writing and other Record Keeping systems