First CAUSE of World War I WHAT IS NATIONALISM AND HOW IS IT THE FIRST CAUSE OF WWI?

Spectrum of thought based upon where you live!!

Territorial Growth Northwest Territory: Individual colonies had once claimed the land bordered by the Appalachian Mountains, Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, and Great Lakes. When the Articles of Confederation were ratified, this land—called the Northwest Territory— was turned over to the United States. Thousands of settlers moved into the territory Northwest Ordinance Law passed by the U.S. Congress to provide government for the Northwest Territory.

Territorial Growth AND Slavery

Why was this country so different?

Two distinct countries…

Slavery and Civil War sectionalism Competition among sections or regions of a country. secede Withdraw from a union.

Slavery and Civil War In 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected president. His Republican Party had already vowed to stop the spread of slavery to new territories. total war Strategy in which the enemy’s military and civilian resources are attacked Antietam- 23,000 casualties- “bloodiest single day of the war”- September 17, 1862

TOTAL WAR!!!

How were the Slaves Freed? Emancipation Proclamation Executive order given by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863 that ended slavery during the Civil War. The Proclamation did not apply to the five slave states that were not in rebellion, nor to most regions already controlled by the Union army; emancipation there would come after separate state actions and/or the December 1865 ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment, which made slavery illegal everywhere in the U.S.five slave statesThirteenth Amendment

Map Warm Up

What is nationalism? Book Definition: Love of one’s country rather than one’s native region Your definition:

Section 2-3

German Unification A. Mid 1800’s Germany was a patchwork of independent states B. In the late 1800’s Prussia led the fight for unification of these states…WHY Prussia and NOT Austria? 1) After Napoleon’s conquests, Prussia along with Austria became two of the four great powers at the Congress of Vienna and joined the Quadruple Alliance 2) Congress of Vienna granted important territories to Prussia including Saxony and areas along the lower Rhine River. (Helping Prussia) 3) Before Napoleon’s downfall, he abolished the Holy Roman Empire but the Congress of Vienna did not restore it. (Hurting Austria b/c they lost influence over the German States)

4.) Prussia territories were primarily German 5.) Austrian territories were many different nationalities like Hungarians, Romanians, Italians, and Slavs 6.) After Congress of Vienna, Austria shifted its focus on Italy and the BALKANS Steps towards unification A. Economically 1) High tariffs between states made trade expensive, driving up the cost of goods 2) Junkers- aristocratic landowners who complained about these tariffs hurting sales of farm products 1) Campaigned for freer movement of goods. 2) 1818 King of Prussia abolished tariffs within his territories

3.) Zollverein- Name given for the customs union of most German States in 1834 a) Made prices lower and more uniform b) Industrialization spread in the German Confederation due to free markets for goods and protection from foreign competition c) Uniform systems of weights, measures, and currency. Politically A. Each state continued to act independently 1) Uprisings in France in 1848 caused a higher demand for liberal reforms throughout the German States 2) Calls for reform failed at the diplomatic level 3) German system remained absolutist and separated

A King and his Prime Minister 1861 – William I became king of Prussia Appointed Otto Von Bismarck to head the Prussian Cabinet

Otto Von Bismarck “Prussia must build up and preserve her strength for the favorable moment which has already come and gone many times. Her borders under the treaties of Vienna are not favorable to the healthy existence of the state. The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions- that was the great mistake of 1848 and But by Blood and Iron.”

Wars of Unification: A. The Danish War 1) Key Territory- Schelswig and Holstein 2) Territory was acquired by combined forces of Austria and Prussia 3) Agreed that Prussian would control Schelswig and Austria would control Holstein B. Seven Weeks’ War 1) Bismarck provokes Austria to declaring war on Prussia 2) Bismarck and Prussia defeat Austria in seven weeks 3) Treaty of Prague- Austria surrendered Holstein to Prussia 1) German Confederation was dissolved

C. The Franco Prussian War -Bismarck’s goal, to combine states in southern Germany to join North German Confederation -1870…His opportunity came in the form of a telegram -Bismarck edited the telegram so that it sounded as though the king had insulted the French ambassador -France declared war on Prussia in Napoleon III surrendered -lost the territory of Alsace and Lorraine

Formation of the German Empire: A. January ) Representatives of German states met in Hall of Mirrors (Palace of Versailles- France) 1) William I was proclaimed German emperor 2) Bismarck named chancellor- “Iron Chancellor” B. Constitution ) 25 German States 2) Kaiser- German emperor, headed the federal government 3) The Legislative Branch 1) Bundesrat- The Upper House 2) Reichstag- Lower House, had limited powers of liberal change

German Empire Continued.. The German constitution strongly favored the interests of Prussia Prussian king ruled Germany Had most representatives in legislature

Section 3: Opposition to Bismarck Problems for the New Empire New government gave people little voice Formed a variety of factions (political parties) Prussians were more conservative New constitution favored Prussia (Bundesrat) Growing liberal parties threatened Bismarck and the New Empire

Problems Continued Catholics- Centre Party Kulturkampf “culture struggle” Strict and repressive rules against the Catholics Bismarck eventually modified the law to make Germany more accepting of Catholics

Industrial Development Germany becomes an industrial giant Has many natural resources- coal and iron Industrialism comes late (advantage) Government promoted business

Consequences of Industrialism? Socialism Growing labor force living in poverty A strong need to bring about government reform Social Democratic Party Number of representatives grew in the Reichstag Couldn’t get many laws passed BUT serving in the Reichstag served as a public forum

Bismarck’s response Number of socialists in Germany alarmed Bismarck There were two assassination attempts made on the Kaiser Bismarck blamed the socialists (wrongfully) Created many laws to persecute and suppress the socialists SDP still grew in numbers He started to grant reforms socialists wanted This did not make Germany socialist but it calmed down worker’s grievances

Bismarck Resigns New Kaiser William II- believed in absolute authority- he was a strict conservative Clashes with Bismarck who wants to give into liberal demands (Bismarck just wants a unified Germany) William II forces Bismarck to resign