Correction Band Correction of Global Precipitation Products for Systematic Bias and Orographic Effects Jennifer C. Adam 1, Dennis P. Lettenmaier 1, Elizabeth A. Clark 1, and Eric F. Wood 2 1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Box , University of Washington, Seattle, WA Department of Civil Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, th AMS Annual Meeting (January, 2005) San Diego, California ABSTRACT Gauge-based global gridded precipitation products often have two problems: (1) there can be large systematic biases in precipitation measurement, especially for solid precipitation, and (2) precipitation is often underestimated in topographically complex regions due to the prevalence of low elevation valley stations. Precipitation is the main driver of the land surface hydrologic system and therefore the most important input variable to hydrology models. We describe an approach we have taken to correct global gridded precipitation data for the two above-mentioned sources of bias. The final product is a ( ) gridded precipitation climatology for the global land areas that is adjusted for systematic biases on a monthly basis and for orographic effects on an annual basis. Both adjustments are designed to be applied to the existing 0.5 degree precipitation product developed by Cort Willmott and others at the University of Delaware. Adjustments for wind-induced under-catch of solid precipitation were estimated using gauge type-specific regression equations from the recent (1998) World Meteorological Organization Solid Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison. Wind-induced undercatch of liquid precipitation and wetting losses were estimated using the methods employed in previous global bias adjustment efforts. In an attempt to develop a globally consistent correction for the underestimation of gridded precipitation in mountainous regions, we used a hydrologic water balance approach. The precipitation in orographically-influenced drainage basins was adjusted using a combination of water balance and variations of the Budyko ET/P vs. PET/P curve. The method is similar to other methods in which streamflow measurements are distributed back onto the watershed and a water balance is performed to determine true precipitation. Rather than relying on modeled runoff ratios, we estimated evaporation using Budyko ET/P vs. PET/P curves. Combination of the gauge catch deficiency and orographic adjustments resulted in a net increase of 15.1% of estimated global terrestrial mean annual precipitation (11.7% and 3.4%, respectively). We also estimated the effects of the adjustments on mean annual and monthly precipitation for large continental-scale river basins. In general, river basins with considerable orography (e.g. the Brahmaputra, Columbia, and Yukon) experienced the greatest precipitation increases due to correction for orographic effects, while river basins in colder climates (e.g. the Lena, Ob, and Yukon) experienced the greatest precipitation increases due to adjustment for systematic bias (especially in the winter). 3 Analysis of Corrections 2 Correction for Orographic Effects 1 Correction for Gauge Undercatch (Adam and Lettenmaier, 2003) CONCLUDING REMARKS Important Features include: the use of an existing gridded precipitation dataset (Willmott and Matsuura, 2001); adjustment for gauge undercatch is closely tied to the results of the most recent WMO precipitation measurement intercomparison (Goodison et al., 1998); in situ gauge-based data sources. Net increase in mean annual precipitation for 1997 to 1999 is 15.1% with variation both spatially and temporally (mean monthly). Potential for improvement given extended and increased availability of data and other information. Photo: REFERENCES Adam, J.C. and D.P. Lettenmaier, 2003: Adjustment of global gridded precipitation for systematic bias. J. Geophys. Res., 108 (D9), Budyko, M.I., 1974: Climate and Life, 508 pp., Academic, San Diego, Calif. Daly, C., R.P. Neilson, and D.L. Phillips, 1994: A Statistical-topographic model for mapping climatological precipitation over mountainous terrain. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, Goodison, B.E, P.Y.T. Louie, and D. Yang, 1998: WMO solid precipitation intercomparison, final report, WMO/TD-872, 212 pp World Meteorol. Organ., Geneva. Groisman, P.Y., 1998: National Climatic Data Center Data Documentation for TD-9816, Canadian Monthly Precipitation, 21 pp, Natl. Clim. Data Cent., Asheville, N.C., Legates, D.R., 1987: A climatology of global precipitation, Publ. Climatol., 40(1), 86 pp. Mekis, E., and W.D. Hogg, Rehabilitation and analysis of Canadian daily precipitation time series, Atm. Ocean, 37(1), 53-85, Sankarasubramanian, A. and R.M. Vogel, 2002: Annual hydroclimatology of the United States. Water Resour. Res., 38 (6), Willmott, C.J. and K. Matsuura, 2001: Terrestrial air temperature and precipitation: monthly and annual time series (1950 – 1999) (version 1.02), Cent. For Clim. Res., Univ. of Del., Newark, DE. Energy Limited Moisture Limited Upslope Downslope Cross-Wind Bias Adjustment Model P g = gauged precipitation (mm day -1 ) P a = adjusted precipitation (mm day -1 ) R = snowfall fraction, based on daily air temperature K r = correction ratio for wind-induced undercatch, liquid precipitation (Legates, 1987) CR s = catch ratio for wind-induced undercatch, solid precipitation (uses WMO regressions) ΔP w = wetting loss (mm day -1 ; Legates, 1987) 1 2 Daily Correction of Gauged Precipitation Calculate Monthly Catch Ratios 3 Interpolate to 0.5° global land areas Mean Monthly Observed Mean Monthly Adjusted Global Columbia Lena Mississippi Ob Yukon Percent Increase in Precipitation Percent Increase due to Gauge Bias Correction Percent Increase due to both Gauge Bias and Orographic Corrections Percent Increase due to Gauge Bias Correction Percent Increase due to both Gauge Bias and Orographic Corrections We determined the affects of the corrections by first correcting the Willmott and Matsuura (2001) dataset for gauge undercatch bias (box 1) for the mean monthly climatology of 1979 to Following this we applied the corrections for orographic effects (box 2). The bar graphs show precipitation before and after corrections globally and for six watersheds, and the spatial plots show the spatial distribution of the percent increase in precipitation for each of these watersheds. The gauge bias corrections have the largest effects on basins in the northern latitudes (although the Mississippi basin has large corrections because of the tendency of the US gauge to have large biases). Mountainous regions have the largest corrections for orographic effects. Uncorrected Precipitation Gauge Bias Corrected Both Corrections Applied Precipitation, mm Annual Increase: (gauge corr.) 11.7% (net) 15.5% Annual Increase: (gauge corr.) 5.9% (net) 24.8% Annual Increase: (gauge corr.) 13.0% (net) 58.1% Annual Increase: (gauge corr.) 9.3% (net) 31.9% Annual Increase: (gauge corr.) 17.6% (net) 19.4% Annual Increase: (gauge corr.) 13.7% (net) 17.4% Annual Increase: (gauge corr.) 16.6% (net) 58.8% Brahmaputra Step 1 Definition of Correction Domain: Slopes from a 5min DEM were used to select the 0.5 degree cells for correction. All 5min cells within the correction domain were assigned to a correction band ranging from 2 Average Correction Ratios for Gauged Basins: The Budyko Method Spatial Distribution of Correction Ratios within Gauged Basins Interpolation of Correction Ratios to Ungauged Basins Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Where = Aridity Index Where = Soil Moisture Storage Index The Budyko Method 1 2 We solve for basin-average precipitation using two equations: (1) water balance, and (2) The ET/P vs. PET/P curves of Budyko (1974) and Sankarasubramanian and Vogel (2000). (lowest elevations) to 7 (highest elevations). Gauged basin were selected using the datasets of RivDIS v1.1, GRDC, and HCDN. Mean annual basin average precipitation for these basins was determined using the Budyko Method (see box). Basin average precipitation correction ratios were calculated by dividing the Budyo P by our gauge-corrected P. Equation Constraints: 1. r=1 for band=1 2. R ave is conserved From PRISM: Spatial variability of the correction ratio across each of the gauged basins was constructed by developing a relationship between the correction ratio and the 5min correction bands (discussed in box). PRISM (Daly et al. 1994) for the US was used to determine the form of this relation by assuming that the variability of PRISM precipitation with elevation is correct. 33 basins in the US were used for this regression. A quadratic expression was used in which two constraints were imposed (see box). Correction ratios were interpolated the 5min gridded data of slope types from 5min grid cells in gauged basins to grid cells in the rest of the correction domain using the 5min gridded data of slope types (see image) and dominant wind direction. The correction ratio patterns are realistic for many of the continents (e.g. N. and S. America), although other continents (e.g. Europe and Africa) have large regions of low ratios probably because of problematic streamflow records. Station observations were obtained from the NOAA Climate Prediction Center Summary of the Day dataset (see image at right) Stations having coincident precipitation, temperature, and windspeed during the years of were chosen Blue stations had corrections for both solid and liquid precipitation and red stations had corrections for liquid precipitation only. Adjustments were made for: (1) wind-induced undercatch and (2) wetting losses (see box) Wind-induced undercatch of solid precipitation: We use the results from the WMO Solid Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison (Goodison et al., 1998) (see figure to left showing catch ratio as a function of windspeed). Wind-induced undercatch of liquid precipitation: This follows the method Special treatment for Canada using the corrected data of Groisman (1998) and Mekis and Hogg (1999) Catch Ratio (aggregated to seasonal for this plot) of Legates (1987). Wetting losses: this follows the method of Legates (1987). We made assumptions for each country regarding prevalent gauge type, presence of gauge shields, gauge height, and anemometer height. Adjustment for the wind-induced undercatch of solid precipitation yielded the greatest increases, especially in winter. Legend