3 3 C h a p t e r Security Types second edition Fundamentals of Investments Valuation & Management Charles J. Corrado Bradford D. Jordan McGraw Hill / IrwinSlides by Yee-Tien (Ted) Fu

 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw Hill / Irwin Security Types Our goal in this chapter is to introduce the different types of securities that are routinely bought and sold in financial markets around the world. Goal  For each security type, we will examine:  its distinguishing characteristics,  the potential gains and losses from owning it, and  how its prices are quoted in the financial press.

 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw Hill / Irwin Classifying Securities Basic TypesMajor Subtypes Interest-bearing Money market instruments Fixed-income securities Equities Common stock Preferred stock Derivatives Options Futures

 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw Hill / Irwin Interest-Bearing Assets Fixed-income securities Longer-term debt obligations, often of corporations or governments, that promise to make fixed payments according to a preset schedule. Money market instruments Short-term debt obligations of large corporations and governments that mature in a year or less.

 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw Hill / Irwin Money Market Instruments  Examples: U.S. Treasury bills (T-bills), bank certificates of deposit (CDs), corporate and municipal money market instruments.  Potential gains/losses: Fixed future payment, except when the borrower defaults.  Price quotations: Usually, the instruments are sold on a discount basis, and only the interest rates are quoted. So, some calculation is necessary to convert the rates to prices.

 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw Hill / Irwin Fixed-Income Securities  Examples: U.S. Treasury notes, corporate bonds, car loans, student loans.  Potential gains/losses:  Fixed coupon payments and final payment at maturity, except when the borrower defaults.  Possibility of gain/loss from fall/rise in interest rates.  Can be quite illiquid.

 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw Hill / Irwin Fixed-Income Securities  Price quotations: CUR NET BONDS YLD. VOL CLOSE CHG. NEW YORK BONDS Corporation Bonds ATT7 3 / 4 07…… / 4 ATT8 1 / 8 22…… / / 8 ATT8 1 / 8 24…… / 4 – AT&T, the issuer of the bond. ATT The bond’s annual coupon rate. You will receive 8 1 / 8 % of the bond’s face value each year in 2 semiannual coupon payments. 81/881/8 The bond will mature in the year

 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw Hill / Irwin Fixed-Income Securities  Price quotations: CUR NET BONDS YLD. VOL CLOSE CHG. NEW YORK BONDS Corporation Bonds ATT7 3 / 4 07…… / 4 ATT8 1 / 8 22…… / / 8 ATT8 1 / 8 24…… / 4 – 8.6 Current yield = annual coupon current price 433 The actual number of bonds traded that day / 8 The closing price for the day is % of face value. The closing price is up by 5 / 8 of 1% from the previous closing price. +5/8+5/8

 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw Hill / Irwin Work the Web  Check out bond basics at: 

 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw Hill / Irwin Equities Preferred stock The dividend is usually fixed and must be paid before any dividends for the common shareholders. In the event of a liquidation, preferred shares have a particular face value. Common stock Represents ownership in a corporation. A part owner receives a pro rated share of whatever is left over after all obligations have been met in the event of a liquidation.

 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw Hill / Irwin Common Stock  Examples: IBM shares, Microsoft shares, etc.  Potential gains/losses:  Many companies pay cash dividends to their shareholders. However, neither the timing nor the amount of any dividend is guaranteed.  The stock value may rise or fall depending on the prospects for the company and market-wide circumstances.

 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw Hill / Irwin Preferred Stock  Example: Citigroup preferred stock.  Potential gains/losses:  Dividends are “promised.” However, there is no legal requirement that the dividends be paid, as long as no common dividends are distributed.  The stock value may rise or fall depending on the prospects for the company and market-wide circumstances.

Equities : Price quotations McGraw Hill / by the McGraw- Hill Companies Inc.All rights reserved.

 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw Hill / Irwin Work the Web  Are you a Foolish investor? Go to “Fool School” at:   You can also learn more about the “ticker tape” at:   and create your own ticker at: 

 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw Hill / Irwin Derivatives Primary asset Security originally sold by a business or government to raise money. Derivative asset A financial asset that is derived from an existing traded asset rather than issued by a business or government to raise capital. More generally, any financial asset that is not a primary asset.

 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw Hill / Irwin Derivatives Futures contract An agreement made today regarding the terms of a trade that will take place later. Option contract An agreement that gives the owner the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a specific asset at a specified price for a set period of time.

 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw Hill / Irwin Futures Contracts  Examples: financial futures, commodity futures.  Potential gains/losses:  At maturity, you gain if your contracted price is better than the market price of the underlying asset, and vice versa.  If you sell your contract before its maturity, you may gain or lose depending on the market price for the contract.  Note that enormous gains/losses are possible.

Futures Contracts  Price quotations: McGraw Hill / by the McGraw- Hill Companies Inc.All rights reserved.

 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw Hill / Irwin Work the Web  You can download lots of basic futures information from the Knowledge Center at: 

 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw Hill / Irwin Option Contracts  A call option gives the owner the right, but not the obligation, to buy an asset, while a put option gives the owner the right, but not the obligation, to sell an asset.  The price you pay to buy an option is called the option premium.  The specified price at which the underlying asset can be bought or sold is called the strike price, or exercise price.

 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw Hill / Irwin Option Contracts  An American option can be exercised anytime up to and including the expiration date, while a European option can be exercised only on the expiration date.  Options differ from futures in two main ways:  There is no obligation to buy/sell the underlying asset.  There is a premium associated with the contract.

 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw Hill / Irwin Option Contracts  Potential gains/losses:  Buyers gain if the strike price is better than the market price, and if the difference is greater than the option premium. In the worst case, buyers lose the entire premium.  Sellers gain the premium if the market price is better than strike price. Here, the gain is limited but the loss is not.

Option Contracts  Price quotations: McGraw Hill / by the McGraw- Hill Companies Inc.All rights reserved.

 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw Hill / Irwin Investing in Stocks versus Options Example:  Suppose you have $10,000 for investments. Macron Technology is selling at $50 per share.  Number of shares bought = $10,000 / $50 = 200  If Macron is selling for $55 per share 3 months later, gain = ($55  200) – $10,000 = $1,000  If Macron is selling for $45 per share 3 months later, gain = ($45  200) – $10,000 = – $1,000

 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw Hill / Irwin Investing in Stocks versus Options Example: …continued  A call option with a $50 strike price and 3 months to maturity is also available at a premium of $4.  A call contract costs $4  100 = $400, so number of contracts bought = $10,000 / $400 = 25 (for 25  100 = 2500 shares)  If Macron is selling for $55 per share 3 months later, gain = {($55 – $50)  2500} – $10,000 = $2,500  If Macron is selling for $45 per share 3 months later, gain = ($0  2500) – $10,000 = – $10,000

 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw Hill / Irwin Chapter Review  Classifying Securities  Interest-Bearing Assets  Money Market Instruments  Fixed-Income Securities  Equities  Common Stock  Preferred Stock  Common and Preferred Stock Price Quotes

 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw Hill / Irwin Chapter Review  Derivatives  Futures Contracts  Futures Price Quotes  Gains and Losses on Futures Contracts  Option Contracts  Option Terminology  Options versus Futures  Option Price Quotes  Gains and Losses on Option Contracts  Investing in Stocks versus Options