IR2501 THEORIES OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Lecture 5 CLASSICAL LIBERALISM

MEANING OF LIBERALISM Multiple & changing meanings Different National traditions Liberty/Equality Paradox

Intellectual Roots: Enlightenment Primacy of Reason Scientific Revolution Progressive View of History Individualism Secularism Capitalism

KEY FIGURES Thomas Paine Voltaire Jean-Jacques Rousseau Francis Hucheson David Hume Adam Smith

Chief Features of Liberalism Individual freedom (libertarian and communitarian impulses) Political participation (Democracy: Republican and parliamentary variants) Private property (market-based order) Equality of Opportunity (liberal paradox: minimalist versus interventionist state)

Liberal Internationalism Two legacies of modern liberalism: 1. pacification of foreign relations among liberal states 2. international imprudence: liberal states have fought numerous wars with non- liberal states

Kants Perpetual Peace Acceptance of three definitive articles of peace First Definitive Article requires the civil constitution of the state to be republican Republican: a political society that has solved the problem of combining moral autonomy, individualism, and social order

Perpetual Peace (Continued) Second Definitive Article: liberal republics will progressively establish peace among themselves by means of the pacific federation (ever-expanding separate peace) Third Definitive Article establishes a cosmopolitan law to operate in conjunction with the pacific union (Cosmopolitan law will be limited to conditions of universal hospitality

Sources of the Three Definitive Articles Constitutional law International law Cosmopolitan law

Democratic Peace Two Basic claims: 1. Liberal polities demonstrate restraint in their relations with other liberal polities (the so-called separate peace) 2. Liberal polities are imprudent in relations with authoritarian states. (Doyle 1986)