Part III: the Knee, Ankle, & Foot

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Presentation transcript:

Part III: the Knee, Ankle, & Foot Anatomy Review Part III: the Knee, Ankle, & Foot Jan McElroy PT, MS, PCS 2009 Do not copy without permission

Knee

Knee: skeletal system

Overview The knee joint connects: the femur superiorly Patella to the Tibia and fibula inferiorly Knee movements are primarily in the sagittal plane: flexion & extension Patella (or knee cap) Femur Fibula Tibia Anterior view Right knee

Femur: landmarks Medial condyle Lateral condyle Intercondylar fossa epicondyle Lateral Patellar surface Left Femur- Posterior view Left Femur- Anterior view

Tibia & fibula: landmarks Medial condyle Lateral condyle Tuberosity Tibial plateau Head of the fibula FIBULA Right knee Anterior view Right knee - Posterior view

Knee: muscular system

Anterior muscles of the Knee Quadriceps (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedialis Anterior muscles of the Knee Note: The rectus femoris is the only muscle of the quadriceps group that crossed both the hip and the knee. Referred to as a “2 joint muscle”. Anterior view right thigh From: Novartis Interactive Atlas, Frank Netter artist

Posterior muscles of knee Hamstrings Biceps femoris Semitendinosus semimembranosus Note: All of the hamstrings cross both the hip joint and the knee joint. They are all referred to as “2 joint muscles”. Posterior view right thigh

Posterior muscles of knee Gastrocnemius Lateral head Medial head Note: The gastrocnemius crosses both the knee and the ankle making it a “2 joint muscle”. Posterior view right thigh

Ankle & Foot

Ankle & Foot: skeletal system

Overview The distal end of the fibula forms the lateral malleolus The distal end of the tibia forms the medial malleolus Anterior view Right foot & ankle

Overview The foot is divided into 3 general regions: Midfoot Forefoot Tibia Fibula Midfoot Forefoot Hindfoot Lateral view Right foot & ankle

Hindfoot The Hindfoot consist of 2 bones: Calcaneus (heel bone) & Talus Tibia Fibula Hindfoot Lateral view Right foot & ankle

midfoot The midfoot consists of 5 small bones: Navicular Cuboid & 3 Cuneiforms These 5 bones of the midfoot are called Tarsals Superior view Left foot

forefoot The forefoot consists of: 5 Metatarsals (first thru 5th) & 5 proximal phalanges 4 middle phalanges (the “big toe” only has a proximal and a distal…no middle phalange) 5 distal phalanges

Joints of the foot Talocrural joint Subtalar joint Midtarsal joint (ankle joint) tibia, fibula, talus Subtalar joint talus, calcaneus Midtarsal joint calcaneocuboid, talonavicular Tarsometatarsal joints Metatarsophalangeal joints

Ankle & Foot: muscular system

Anterior lower leg Tibialis Anterior (commonly called the anterior tib) Peroneus longus Extensor digitorum longus (digitorum refers to the digits or “toes”) Anterior view Right leg From: Novartis Interactive Atlas, Frank Netter artist

Posterior lower leg Gastrocnemius (often called the Achilles tendon (also called the “heel cord”) Soleus Note: though the gastroc and soleus both insert into the achilles tendon, the soleus only crosses the ankle joint…while the gastroc is a 2 joint muscle crossing both the knee and the ankle. Posterior view Right leg From: Novartis Interactive Atlas, Frank Netter artist

Recommended References: Atlas of Human Anatomy, Frank Netter McMinn’s Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Abrahams, Hutchings, & Marks Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System, Donald Neumann Anatomy Coloring Book, Kapit & Elson