Achievement Standard 1.2 Demonstrate knowledge of body structure and function related to performance of physical activity, through… Understanding Basic anatomical features

Body Structure and Function Other factors that influence human movement and action include: Biomechanical factors Improving fitness Skeletal system Muscular system Cardiovascular system Respiratory system UNDERSTANDING

The Human skeleton UNDERSTANDING What other functions does the human skeleton have? Imagine a body WITHOUT a skeleton!

The Human skeleton UNDERSTANDING Are there any other functions of the human skeleton? What roles do the skull and rib-cage have?

The Human skeleton UNDERSTANDING Many of the bones of the human skeleton are long and hollow.

The Human skeleton UNDERSTANDING Bone-marrow is a soft, fatty tissue found inside of bones that produces blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets). Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body. White blood cells act to ward off infection. Platelets aid in blood-clotting.

The Human skeleton UNDERSTANDING The human skeleton serves one other function? The skeleton also stores minerals such as calcium.

Functions of the Skeleton REMEMBERING

Functions of the Skeleton Movement Support Protection Blood cell formation Storage REMEMBERING

The Human skeleton APPLY KNOWLEDGE How does each of the functions relate to performance in physical activity?

Movement… APPLY KNOWLEDGE The skeleton provides levers & joints that allow movement to occur The type of bone / joint is related to the degree of movement possible. Long bones. E.g. ….. Short bones. E.g. ….. Irregular bones. E.g. ….. Flat bones. E.g. ….. Types of joints…. APPLY KNOWLEDGE

BLOOD CELL FORMATION sUPPORT PROTECTION MOVEMENT STORAGE UNDERSTANDING The 5 functions of the skeleton are:

Types of Joints UNDERSTANDING Ball & Socket Examples are the hip and shoulder Movement occurs in all directions UNDERSTANDING

Types of Joints UNDERSTANDING Hinge Joint Examples are the elbow and knee (the knee is a modified hinge joint as there is slight rotation) Movement occurs in 2 directions in one plane – forwards & backwards UNDERSTANDING

Types of Joints UNDERSTANDING Pivot Joint Examples are the neck (where the atlas pivots around the axis at the top of the spine) and the radioulner joint below the elbow joint (allows lower arm to rotate) UNDERSTANDING

Types of Movement You need to be able to discuss the type of movement associated with various joints in the human body and relate this to specific sporting examples.

Types of Movement UNDERSTANDING Flexion Bending a joint so the bones on either side of the joint are drawn together Examples include elbow flexion, knee flexion, hip flexion, … UNDERSTANDING

Types of Movement UNDERSTANDING Extension Straightening a joint so the bones on either side of the joint are drawn apart Examples include elbow extension, knee extension, hip extension, … UNDERSTANDING

Types of Movement UNDERSTANDING Abduction Moving the bone away from the mid-line of the body (when someone is abducted they are ‘taken away’). Examples include abduction of the arm as it is drawn out to the side of the body, abduction of the leg. UNDERSTANDING

Types of Movement UNDERSTANDING Adduction Moving the bone towards the mid- line of the body (adduction is adding to the mid-line of the body). Examples include adduction of the arm as it is drawn in to the side of the body, abduction of the leg. UNDERSTANDING

Types of Movement UNDERSTANDING Plantar Flexion Pointing the toes downwards Examples in sport include diving, gymnastics, acceleration in sprinting, jumping in volleyball, … UNDERSTANDING

Types of Movement UNDERSTANDING Dorsi-Flexion Pulling the toes upwards towards the tibia UNDERSTANDING

Types of Movement UNDERSTANDING Pronation Pronation is a rotational movement of the forearm at the radioulnar joint. (Pronation also occurs in the foot.) http://images.google.co.nz/imgres?imgurl=http://adhd- tennis.org/images/pronation.jpg&imgrefurl=http://adhd- tennis.org/serve.aspx&usg=__hEjucuNmw5EZcznFwIwmr7Y0NmI=&h=6 40&w=467&sz=33&hl=en&start=55&tbnid=fzNKjyr3JyA5aM:&tbnh=137&t bnw=100&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpronation%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D1 8%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DN%26start%3D54 UNDERSTANDING

Types of Movement UNDERSTANDING Supination Supination: Rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm is up (and the corresponding movement of the foot and leg with the sole up). UNDERSTANDING

Muscles of The Human body REMEMBERING Muscles of The Human body Label the muscles indicated on the photo above.

Muscles of The Human body UNDERSTANDING Muscles of The Human body For each muscle give 2 examples of actions it is responsible for? E.g. Abdominals are responsible for a sit up and a ‘pike’ in a dive.