3.2 Agricultural South

1. The economic system that England used in the colonies to generate wealth for England was called _____________. 2. England tried to assert control of the colonies in 1651 through the _________ Acts. 3. The policy of “unofficially” relaxing England’s control over the colonies was called salutary _______. 4. Southern Colonies grew _____ crops like tobacco, rice, and indigo. 5. Almost 20 percent of slaves died during the “___________ passage.”

6. England sought to use the colonies to create a favorable balance of _______. 7. ____________ or England’s chief lawmaking body, attempted to tighten control on the colonies. 8. James II sent Sir Edmund ______ to govern the colonist and to enforce the hard line. 9. Slaves seeking to escape to Florida and freedom led the ______ rebellion in The _________ Trade involved the exchange of rum, slaves, and sugar, among other things, between Africa, the colonies and the West Indies. 11. ____________ Revolution was the bloodless power shift in England and led to William and Mary as king and queen.

Olududah Equiano The stench of the hold while we were on the coast was so intolerably loathsome that it was dangerous to remain there for any time, and some of us had been permitted to stay on the deck for the fresh air; but now that the whole ship's cargo were confined together it became absolutely pestilential. The closeness of the place and the heat of the climate, added to the number in the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us. This produced copious perspirations, so that the air soon became unfit for respiration from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died, thus falling victims to the improvident avarice, as I may call it, of their purchasers. This wretched situation was again aggravated by the galling of the chains, now become insupportable and the filth of the necessary tubs, into which the children often fell and were almost suffocated. The shrieks of the women and the groans of the dying rendered the whole a scene of horror almost inconceivable. Happily perhaps for myself I was soon reduced so low here that it was thought necessary to keep me almost always on deck, and from my extreme youth I was not put in fetters. In this situation I expected every hour to share the fate of my companions, some of whom were almost daily brought upon deck at the point of death, which I began to hope would soon put an end to my miseries. Often did I think many of the inhabitants of the deep much more happy than myself. I envied them the freedom they enjoyed, and as often wished I could change my condition for theirs. Every circumstance I met with served only to render my state more painful, and heighten my apprehensions and my opinion of the cruelty of the whites.

One day they had taken a number of fishes, and when they had killed and satisfied themselves with as many as they thought fit, to our astonishment who were on the deck, rather than give any of them to us to eat as we expected, they tossed the remaining fish into the sea again, although we begged and prayed for some as well as we could, but in vain; and some of my countrymen, being pressed by hunger, took an opportunity when they thought no one saw them of trying to get a little privately; but they were discovered, and the attempt procured them some very severe floggings. One day, when we had a smooth sea and moderate wind, two of my wearied countrymen who were chained together (I was near them at the time), preferring death to such a life of misery, somehow made through the nettings and jumped into the sea: immediately another quite dejected fellow, who on account of his illness was suffered to be out of irons, also followed their example; and I believe many more would very soon have done the same if they had not been prevented by the ship's crew, who were instantly alarmed. Those of us that were the most active were in a moment put down under the deck, and there was such a noise and confusion amongst the people of the ship as I never heard before, to stop her and get the boat out to go after the slaves. However two of the wretches were drowned, but they got the other and afterwards flogged him unmercifully for thus attempting to prefer death to slavery. In this manner we continued to undergo more hardships than I can now relate, hardships which are inseparable from this accursed trade.

Slave ship This plan graphically depicts the crowded, unsanitary conditions under which enslaved Africans were packed like cargo and transported across the Atlantic. (Library of Congress) Slave ship Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Amistad o-JejTp7O4

Map: The Settlements of the Lower South The Settlements of the Lower South This map shows the towns and fortifications of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, as well as the overlapping claims by the Spanish and the English to the territory south and west of Fort King George. The many Georgia forts reflect that colony's role as a buffer state between rice-rich South Carolina and the Spanish troops stationed in Florida.

Slavery in the Colonies 10 million slaves come to the colonies in 300 years Fatality rates 20% or higher during “Middle Passage” By mid 1680’s slaves outnumber indentured servants Slaves eventually outnumber whites in Carolinas and deep South In South and in the Chesapeake region a new culture emerges as slaves become Af.-Americans in music, religion and language 1739 Stono revolt in SC 1740’s slave imports begin to slow. Why?

In 1755 Maryland looked like… 55,319 free white males 4908 free white females 1574male convicts 407female convicts 3592 mullatoes 42,764 slaves (28% of the population) TOTAL 153,564 Colony has reached natural growth, but still immigration more important By this time shift to slavery is almost complete, with slaves increasingly derived from local slave population or from the Caribbean. In 1663 Maryland passes laws to establish lifetime chattel slavery.

A SAD ECONOMICS… Indentured servants cost 7-9 pounds, last for 3-5 years, 20% die in period of seasoning. Each servant would earn £15-18 each year – if they lived. VERSUS Slaves cost £30, and their servitude was perpetual and their children would be yours. A slave adult female from the Caribbean would be £80 (local would be 50). Males from the Caribbean would be £60 pounds. So… after half-a dozen years into their servitude they pay for themselves and you would have their labor free and clear for 20 years, most likely.

Slavery in practice 80-90% worked in the fields 10-20% worked as domestics Small number became artisans: carpenters, blacksmiths and bricklayers Work began at young age and worked until death Violence used to control slaves

CAUSE AND EFFECT Explain the factors that led early settlers to shift from family farms  indentured servants  slaves

CAUSE AND EFFECT Explain the factors that led early settlers to shift from family farms  indentured servants  slaves

Characteristics of the South Cash Crops: Tobacco, Cotton, Indigo, Rice Rural society, along rivers Plantations largely self-sufficient Prosperous from cash crops Women are second-class citizens Scarcity of Women Slavery entrenched in Southern economy New African-American culture Slaves out # whites  Stono Rebellion, 1739, Charleston, Carolina

Role of Women Women have most religious freedom in Middle Colonies with Quakers, also in RI In South, women have more financial and legal independence due to higher mortality In North, more extended family unit, creates more “traditional” roles, Grandparents, etc., less social freedom and independence

Africans in the New World Different backgrounds Cultures Families divided Development of culture Music and story telling Baskets Dance Ring Shout BBurial dance Resistance and Revolt Faking illness, breaking tools, slowdowns Beatings

SOCIAL HIERARCHY

Planters Small Farmers Former Servants/Freemen Indentured Servants Slaves

Northern Colonies Southern Colonies Middle Colonies

COMPARE/CONTRAST NORTHERNMIDDLESOUTHERN Puritan Religious Freedom Farm & Industry Small Farms Slow, but Growing Conflict w/Indians Good Climate Quaker Rel. Toleration Farm & Industry Farms Democratic Tolerant Good Rel.w/Indian Malaria in Chesap. Catholic/Misc. Economic Cash Crops Plantations Slavery Buffer State Punitive Wars Malarial