Colonial America

New England Massachusetts Connecticut Rhode Island New Hampshire

Environment Rocky soil Thick forests Harsh winters Natural Harbors

Economy Fishing Shipbuilding Shipping”triangle trade” Subsistence farming Light manufacturing

People Religious: Puritans, Separatist Educated English Ancestry

Style of Government Democratic “town meetings”

Southern Colonies Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia. All proprietary colonies. Economy: tobacco, rice, indigo Maryland – originally to be a haven for Roman Catholics from England  Brainchild of George Calvert, but he died before settlement  Son Lord Baltimore took over and settled in  Maryland Toleration Act (1649) - guaranteed toleration to all Christians George Calvert

Carolinas Georgia Established in 1663 Split into North and South in 1712 Settled in 1732 Run by trustees led by James Oglethorpe Haven for English debtors and to provide a buffer between Spanish Florida James Oglethorpe

Environment The Tidewater - rich, productive farmland. The Backcountry - rugged frontier.

People Aristocrats - plantation owners, merchants, professionals Middle Class – farmers, artisans, merchants, professionals

People Lower Class – farmers and unskilled laborers Indentured Servants Slaves

Style of Government Representative county governments. Virginia created the House of Burgesses

Middle Colonies New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania Economy: trade, farming, furs Proprietary colonies – granted by the monarch to person(s) who had full governing rights. New York – settled by the Dutch in 1624  Peter Minuit bought Manhattan Island for $24  1644 – British take control of NY from Dutch Pennsylvania – settled by Quaker William Penn in 1681  Preached religious tolerance and good relations with natives Peter Minuit William Penn

Duke of York King Charles II gave New Netherland to his brother James. Took away women’s rights Expelled free blacks for skilled jobs 1683 Charter of Liberties and Privileges

Sir Edmond Andros Governor of New York Alliance with the Iroquois Covenant Chain

Economic diversity. Large cities  more cosmopolitan culture. Some slavery [6%-12% of the population]. Ethnic and religious diversity. Religious toleration. “Bread Colonies.”

Environment Rich rolling farmland.

1600s Mercantilism Navigation Acts England used the colonies for raw materials and markets for their goods Left colonies alone  English Civil War ( )  Glorious Revolution (1688) Countries should acquire as much bullion, gold or silver, as possible Required colonies to sell certain goods (sugar, tobacco, cotton) only to England If they sold goods to other countries, the goods must first be sent to England and taxed Must use English ships for trade An Empire and Its Colonies

Class Occupations Gentry – wealthy and landowners.  Wigs, silk stockings, lace cuffs  Powdered faces white  Mansions, parties with other gentry  Educated—sent their children to school Ordinary people wore plain shirts, pants, dresses Artisans  Apprentices – learning a trade from another person via contract Printers  Ben Franklin – Poor Richard’s Almanac  John Peter Zenger – won court case that instilled freedom of the press Farmers  Plantations and self-sufficient farms Fishermen Life in Colonial America

Education Women Only the rich went to school. Colleges – mostly trained ministers and lawyers  Harvard, MA (1636)  William & Mary, VA (1693)  Yale, CT (1701) Women could not vote, hold office or serve jury duty. Had no political or religious voice. Widows and unmarried women could own property Managed the household: cooking, gardening, washing, cleaning, weaving, sewing. –Helped with childbirth –Shared tools/equipment –Trained daughters to become mothers Goal: make the household self-sufficient Children expected to work from a young age

King Philip’s War ( ) Metacom aka King Philip – Native Forces Attacked Colonist for forcing them of their land.

Iroquois Nation: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca Assisted the Colonist against Metacom

Salem Witch Trials Young girls had nightmares and adults assumed it was due to witchcraft 3 women were accused of being witches. Local authorities took legal action against 150 people

Slavery in History Slavery has existed for nearly the entire span of human history English word “slavery” derives from “Slav”

Origins of American Slavery Slavery was not intention as part of colonizing the New World Demands for workers increase with the profitability of tobacco.

Africans could not claim protection form English Law Service never expired Children were slaves

Anti-black stereotypes flourished in 17 th century England Skin Color made it difficult to escape Accustomed to diseases and agricultural labor

New World Slavery was associated with race. This concept drew a permanent line between whites and blacks.

1600 huge sugar plantations worked by slaves from Africa had made their appearance in Brazil

West Indies: Natives were wiped out by diseases, Indentured Servants refused to work. Barbados 1645: 11,000 whites 5000 blacks 1660: 20,000 whites 20,000 blacks 1670: 82,000 blacks on 750 sugar plantations

Sugar became more important then metals in Europe First Slaves brought to NA in 1619 from Angola

Virginia Law 1662 Free/Slave child is determined by mother. Christian did allow freedom

House of Burgesses 1705 New Slave Codes –Slaves were property –Can be bought or sold –Fought over in court –No blacks free/slave could own arms –Could not strike a white man –Could not Employ whites as servants –Allowed to hold blacks to find out if they were free or a slave

Results Turned a society with slaves into a Slave- Society